effect of microwave on human body ppt
The effects of microwave radiation on protein synthesis in brain remain undetermined. Perentos A, Cuesta-Soto F, Canciamilla A, Vidal B, Pierno L, Losilla NS, et al. Int J Radiat Biol. Abnormality of synaptic vesicular associated proteins in cerebral cortex and hippocampus after microwave exposure. 2007;27:6024. Chin J Birth Health Hered. Verma et al. CAS While microwave oven radiation doesn't cause cancer, it can cause painful burns if you're exposed to them. Mikrobiolohichny zhurnal (Kiev, Ukraine: 1993) Serge Voychuk. 2000;11:16413. 2005;360:6577. Quantitation, regional vulnerability, and kinetic modeling of brain glucose metabolism in mild Alzheimers disease. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;284:30017. Zhang et al. miRNAs are non-coding sequences with a length of approximately 22 nucleotides that have roles in cell development and differentiation and are also linked to signal transduction and tumorigenesis. Int J Radiat Biol. Microarray gene expression profiling of a human glioblastoma cell line exposed in vitro to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. Damage to learning abilities and reduction of glucose utilization in the limbic system of adult rats are closely linked [109]. Bioelectromagnetics. Myung SK, Ju W, McDonnell DD, Lee YJ, Kazinets G, Cheng CT, et al. 2001;12:72931. The rats in the study showed increases in spatial memory and glucose transporters, and this phenomenon indicated a corresponding increase in glucose uptake. This conclusion is consistent with the results of a previously reported study that showed that short-term exposure to microwave radiation can reduce reaction times and improve cognitive functions, attention and short-term memory capacity [28,29,30,31,32,33,34]. Pathophysiology. PubMed . At present, due to a general consensus that the most significant parameter for . Chandrasekaran K, Hatanp K, Rapoport SI, Brady DR. It influences both learning and memory in rats [67]. Hear I can show the different strength of microwave technologies. The final apoptosis score in the exposed group was significantly reduced, and the total antioxidant capacity and catalysis observed in the experimental group was increased. 2006;79:13140. 1999;9:3438. Studies have extensively explored the underlying mechanisms by which microwaves influence learning and memory functions, especially synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. 2005;161:3314. However, its beneficial effects should not be ignored [26]. Belyaev IY, Koch CB, Terenius O, Roxstrm-Lindquist K, Malmgren LO, Sommer HW, et al. 2013;34:58998. [62] irradiated Wistar rats, hippocampal synaptosomes and differentiated PC12 cells using microwaves (average power density, 30mW/cm2) for 5min, and the results showed that the post-exposure spatial memory of the rats was significantly decreased, the post-exposure levels of phosphorylated synapsin I (p-synapsin I) and GABA were decreased in the rat and cell experiments, and the post-exposure levels of vesicular GABA transporter and p-synapsin I were increased in small clear synaptic vesicles (which were abnormally assembled in presynaptic terminals) in the rat experiments. However,. 2004;155:3743. Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA Gold PE. Use of mobile phones and risk of brain tumours: update of Danish cohort study. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. The hippocampus plays roles in learning and memory, and the results of these studies suggest that the deficits in learning and memory functions observed after exposure to microwave irradiation might be due to abnormalities induced in hippocampal structures. Furukawa H, Singh SK, Mancusso R, Gouaux E. Subunit arrangement and function in NMDA receptors. Chronic microwave exposures were executed with 2.45GHz of either modulated (power density, 0.029mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.019W/kg with a sinusoidal modulation of 400Hz) or non-modulated continuous sinusoidal wave (power density, 0.033mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.023W/kg) for 2h daily for 1month. 2008;49:16370. 2008;86:718. Nimchinsky EA, Sabatini BL, Svoboda K. Structure and function of dendritic spines. 2010;2010. Suhhova et al. Professor, Asst Director at VIT It is widely accepted that protein synthesis occurs in neuronal dendrites and may be the cellular basis of learning and memory, during which local protein synthesis and synaptic plasticity are closely linked to the efficiency of communication between neurons. All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript. Lee TM, Ho SM, Tsang LY, Yang SY, Li LS, Chan CC. Qiao S, Peng R, Yan H, Gao Y, Wang C, Wang S, et al. Kang D, Hamasaki N. Mitochondrial transcription factor a in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. Frequency Fields (RF) and Microwave Radiation on human health" by the Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (CSTEE) from 2001, with respect . Wang et al. The induced genes encoded proteins with a variety of functions, including neurotransmitter regulation, BBB maintenance, and melatonin production. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Blood biochemical parameters of the radio-link station. The visual reaction time and short-term memory of healthy male and female workers at a radar site with a frequency range of 218GHz was recorded with a simple blind computer-assisted-visual reaction time test or modified Wechsler Memory Scale test. Int J Radiat Biol. 2011;31:2293301. In a report by the Poland Department of Microwave Safety, occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields was analyzed in the work environment of personnel of 204 devices divided into 5 groups (surface-to-air missile system radars, aircraft and helicopters, communication devices, surveillance and height finder radars, airport radars and radio navigation systems). Military Medical Research However, most studies have not supported the conclusion that cell phones cause brain tumors [8,9,10,11,12]. Kwon et al. CAS It has been shown that neurons are sensitive to reductions in the availability of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main source of energy in mitochondria, which have been reported to be vulnerable to microwave radiation [118]. daily life. Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. 2012;112:1715. When nerve endings are excited, the vesicles release their contents into the synaptic cleft, resulting in synaptic transmission. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Koivisto M, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hmlinen H. The effects of electromagnetic field emitted by GSM phones on working memory. J Pharm Sci. Bioelectromagnetics. J Electromagnet Anal. 2008;169:3845. [80] found that irradiation with 900MHz, 2W/kg continuous microwaves for 24h induced an increase in rat neuronal apoptosis. ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. Behav Brain Res. 2002;5:18995. The central nervous system, especially the hippocampus, is highly sensitive to microwave radiation [43, 44]. It addresses the impact on developing head and brain tumours, other morbidity-related outcomes and summarizes the biological effects of RF and microwave radiation. 2012;62:22336. 2010;1347:17985. Surg Neurol. Kesari KK, Behari J. Fifty-gigahertz microwave exposure effect of radiations on rat brain. In the treated rats, 50 calls were missed each day for 4weeks, and the spatial memory abilities of the rats were tested after the experimental period. Research continues on possible biological effects of exposure to RF/MW radiation from radios, cellular phones, the processing and cooking of foods, heat . Neurosci Lett. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0. 2011;18:32533. Protein synthesis is necessary for dendritic spine proliferation in adult brain slices. Toxicol Sci. Particularly, the dramatically increasing number of mobile phones users rise significant concerns due to its potential damage on people exposed by radiofrequency waves. 1999;4:102. Acta Pharmacol Sin. Brain cancer with induction periods of less than 10 years in young military radar workers. Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. Thurczy G, Kubinyi G, Bodo M, Bakos J, Szabo L. Simultaneous response of brain electrical activity (EEG) and cerebral circulation (REG) to microwave exposure in rats. 1 of 41 Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings Oct. 04, 2015 4 likes 4,519 views Download Now Download to read offline Environment The presentation proves beyond any doubt, the harmful affects of microwaves and radio frequency waves on humans and other living beings Padmanabhan Krishnan Follow Dr. LTP induction involves a signal transduction cascade that includes the release of glutamate from synaptic vesicles, activation of NMDAR at postsynaptic membranes, entry of Ca2+, and activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM kinases) II, IV and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [71]. Physiol Behav. Koivisto M, Revonsuo A, Krause C, Haarala C, Sillanmki L, Laine M, et al. 2005;130:591600. Each Wi-Fi exposure and restraint occurred for 2h/d during gestation until parturition. Chin J Indus Hyg. Reactive oxygen species act through p38 MAPK to limit the lifespan of hematopoietic stem cells. 2006;98:170713. Evaluation of Psychologic parameters in people occupationally exposed to radiofrequencies and microwave. Cite this article. This study also revealed the dose-dependent relationship of the modulated microwave effect: decreasing the SAR 100-fold reduced the associated changes in the EEG by three- to six-fold and decreased the number of affected subjects but did not completely eliminate the effects. 2010;473:525. Part of Brain electrical activity originates from the membrane potential of the neuron itself and the fluctuation in membrane potential. 2009;64:2314. [20] divided the radar workers into three sets: control group (n=68), exposure group I (n=40, exposed to 812GHz) and exposure group II (n=58, working with radar at 12.518.0GHz). Most bioassay and genotoxicity or mutation studies that have been performed in vitro have reported that exposure to microwave radiation at non-thermal levels does not have mutagenic/genotoxic/carcinogenic effects. [101] exposed rats to microwave radiation at frequencies of 0, 900, 1800 and 2450MHz (SARs: 0, 0.59, 0.58 and 0.66mW/kg, respectively) using a transverse electromagnetic cell for 2months for 2h/d, 5 d/week. Neurologic and biochemical findings and CD4/CD8 ratio in people occupationally exposed to RF and microwave. [103] found that microwave radiation caused DNA single-strand and double-strand breaks in vivo in populations submitted to occupational exposure, and the incidence of micronuclei in lymphocytes was significantly increased. Numerous mechanisms can activate oxidative stress, including electromagnetic radiation, and thereby cause molecular damage. Int J Occup Environ Health. Dendritic spines, which are small protrusions that extend from dendritic shafts, are also cellular compartments containing signaling molecules that are important for synaptic transmission and plasticity [88,89,90,91]. Google Scholar. [40] concluded that despite the differences in the conditions used in the experiments, space limitations and whether the wall of the maze was clear did not substantially influence outcomes. Li Z, Peng RY, Wang SM, Wang LF, Gao YB, Ji D, et al. Clinics. [50] exposed Wistar rats to 2.856GHz microwaves at an average power density of 5, 10, 20 or 30mW/cm2 for 6min three times per week for up to 6weeks and found that on day 14 after irradiation, the levels of Asp and Glu were lower in the hippocampus in the group treated with 5mW/cm2 but higher in the group treated with 30mW/cm2, The levels of GABA were elevated. Hassanshahi A, Shafeie SA, Fatemi I, Hassanshahi E, Allahtavakoli M, Shabani M, et al. Ongwijitwat S, Wong-Riley MT. Per the FDA, the microwave can heat human skin. Additionally, Larjabaara et al. The biological effects of microwave and RF are difficult to quantify, but one method, which in-volves the determination of the relation-ship between the body mass-averaged Brain Res Rev. Clin Neurophysiol. 2013;17:711. 2003;80:177. 2007;96:218196. Lnn S, Ahlbom A, Hall P, Feychting M. Long-term mobile phone use and brain tumor risk. 2010;28:445. 1988;9:33745. 2014;9:e95503. Studies have also suggested that long-term exposure to 2.4GHz microwave radiation may lead to adverse effects, as observed in neurodegenerative diseases that originate from the altered expression of some miRNAs. Int J Radiat Biol. 2016;53:210011. [83] found that long-term exposure to microwave radiation (typical mobile phone, at an SAR level range of 0.170.37W/kg for 3h daily for 8months, or wireless digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone (DECT) base at an SAR level range of 0.0120.028W/kg for 8h/d for 8months) induced the synthesis of 143 proteins, including some neuronal function-associated proteins such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), glial maturation factor (GMF), apolipo protein E, heat-shock protein, cytoskeletal proteins and some proteins that are associated with metabolism in the brain. 2007;34:146779. After exposure, the levels of 2 waves in the hypothalamus increased more than those in the cortex, leading to a significant reduction in the deviation of the two EGGs. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Li-Feng Wang or Xiang-Jun Hu. 1984;11:4760. Cassel JC, Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter radial-maze performance in rats. 2002;13:11921. The results showed that in normal EEGs, the (3.26.0Hz) and 2 (17.830.5Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the cortex, while the (6.017.8Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the hypothalamus. Conductors will strongly absorb microwaves and any lower frequencies because they will cause electric currents which will heat the material. PubMed [49] found that microwave radiation enhanced brain wave energy, decreased brain wave frequency, and increased the amplitude and power of delta frequency bands, indicating a decrease in learning ability [50,51,52,53]. as it have a harmful side. 1993;13:41322. Joubert et al. Effects of isothermal 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the mammalian cell Ci ihff fihl2MHdifdi i Bi l h. C Spr '05 Inan, OT Thermal effects of RF he above diagram depicts the electric field alternations, at a frequency f, of the 1999;75:44756. The results suggested that chronic non-modulated, but not modulated, microwave radiation may cause anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain [77]. Statistically significant changes were detected in the EEG- bands of six individuals and in the 1 and 2 bands of four subjects in the higher SAR group. Google Scholar. 2 Researchers have been working. 2017;38:106976. 2006;12:44651. To determine the precise dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, further detailed studies must be performed. Cellular telephones and cancera nationwide cohort study in Denmark. 2015;91:42634. This phenomenon may be explained by the varied radiation dosage adopted in these studies. Li M, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Yu Z. Elevation of plasma corticosterone levels and hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor translocation in rats: a potential mechanism for cognition impairment following chronic low-power-density microwave exposure. Othman et al. The authors found that 2.4GHz microwave radiation reduced the expression of some miRNAs such as miR-106b-5p and miR-107 [98]. Moreover, the popularization of mobile phones has made them the main source of brain exposure to radiation. Dasdag S, Bilgin H, Akdag M, Celik H, Aksen F. Effect of long term mobile phone exposure on oxidative-antioxidative processes and nitric oxide in rats. In the CNS, glutamic acid binds and plays physiological roles with the following two receptors: ionotropic glutamate and metabolic glutamate. Trends Cell Biol. Johnson OL, Ouimet CC. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. A resting eyes-closed electroencephalogram was used to continuously record the results, which showed that there was an increase in the power of the , 1 and 2 frequency bands in the 0.303W/kg group and in the 2 frequency bands in the 0.003W/kg group. In the lower SAR group, the , 1 and 2 bands were affected in the three subjects. Behav Brain Res. Xu et al. [61] found that after pregnant rats were irradiated with 9.417GHz microwaves, the behavior of their offspring differed, and the outcome was sex-dependent. Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in vivo and is characterized by a biochemical state that tends toward oxidization, including the formation of oxygen free radicals (i.e., ROS) and nitrogen radicals reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which play major roles in oxidation. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. The mechanism by which microwave radiation decreases glucose, resulting in impaired learning and memory in rats, may be related to an increase in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the hippocampus. 2008;29:52738. Mack A, Georg T, Kreis P, Eickholt BJ. 1997;44:99104. Is nuclear respiratory factor 2 a master transcriptional coordinator for all ten nuclear-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits in neurons? It has been reported that microwave radiation can induce lipid peroxidation of cell membranes and produce apoptotic signals [74, 75]. The levels of NMDA receptor subunits were increased 1 month after irradiation. Google Scholar. Cordless phone radiation effect flows in a human body same way in the mobile phone [13]. Wang H, Peng R, Zhao L, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Starting with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site, Wang et al. [97] found that long-term exposure to 900MHz radiation decreased the level of rno-miR107and that the whole body (rms) SAR value was 0.0369W/kg, bridging the gap in the interaction between radio frequency radiation (FR) and miRNAs. Raised glucose levels enhance scopolamine-induced acetylcholine overflow from the hippocampus: an in vivo microdialysis study in the rat. The frequencies of these devices are listed in Table1. This damage plays a key role in the structural and functional changes that are accelerated by neuronal degeneration. Google Scholar. 1 GHz and 300 GHz. Hans Hertel, a Swiss food scientist, initiated the first tests on microwaved food and microwave cooking to determine how microwaves affect human physiology and the blood. Ozben T. Oxidative stress and apoptosis: impact on cancer therapy. SAR Value There are guidelines internationally for short term exposure to cell phone frequency microwaves, defined in terms of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), the rate at which energy is absorbed by the human body when exposed to radio frequency radiation. A radio frequency electric current enhances antibiotic efficacy against bacterial biofilms. [40] also repeated the experiment only and found that radial-arm maze performance in rats remained unchanged. Modulation of HSP response in SH-SY5Y cells following exposure to microwaves of a mobile phone. Lu M, Zhu J, Qian C, Wang G, Nie J, Tong J. To investigate the potential combined influence of maternal restraint stress and 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal exposure on postnatal development and behavior in the offspring of exposed rats, control, Wi-Fi-exposed, restrained and both Wi-Fi-exposed and restrained groups were established. Effects of 902 MHz electromagnetic field emitted by cellular telephones on response times in humans. The brain has been recognized as one of the organs that is most vulnerable to microwave radiation. Qutob S, Chauhan V, Bellier P, Yauk C, Douglas G, Berndt L, et al. It has been reported that microwave radiation can decrease both the number and the density of dendritic spines [63]. [81] reported a study exploring the influence of mobile phone microwave radiation on oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat brains. The effects are usually . Campisi A, Gulino M, Acquaviva R, Bellia P, Raciti G, Grasso R, et al. 2012;3:3440. Behav Brain Res. : a biochemical study on mouse brain. PubMed Central 2005;438:18592. Neurotoxicology. CAS [59] exposed Wistar albino pregnant rats to a 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal for 2h/d throughout the gestation period and found that the neurodevelopment, cerebral stress equilibrium and cholinesterase activity of the offspring were affected. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Jeong J. EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. The former is now recognized worldwide as a method for evaluating learning and memory, while the latter is viewed as more susceptible to other factors. They summarized the characteristics and functions of hippocampus-related miRNAs following irradiation with microwaves, and these data laid a foundation that clarified the molecular mechanisms underlying microwave-induced injury to hippocampal learning and memory and suggested potential therapeutic targets. Electromagn Biol Med. In particular, somatization, obsessive compulsivity, paranoid ideation and psychoticism were reported [17]. Correspondence to Im HI, Kenny PJ. [64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). PubMed Central Brain Res. Handheld cellular telephone use and risk of brain cancer. Arch Environ Health. However, a recent report [3] published by the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) noted that discussions about the thermal and non-thermal effects are misleading. Nakatani-Enomoto S, Furubayashi T, Ushiyama A, Groiss SJ, Ueshima K, Sokejima S, et al. 1992;114:16202. The ionotropic receptors consist of NMDA receptors and non-NMDA receptors. Nature. Many recent studies have reported that microwaves exposure affects EEG results [54,55,56,57]. J Environ Health. The above results indicate a positive biological effect of microwave radiation and present a challenge with regard to how people can benefit from microwave radiation. Ito K, Hirao A, Arai F, Takubo K, Matsuoka S, Miyamoto K, et al. 2013;32:27380. Int J Radiat Biol. Naser D, Shahram T. Adverse health effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency radiation in airport surveillance radar operators. This effect is similar to the decrease observed in NR2B in rats. The conclusions are shown in Table3. 2009;4:e4389. Google Scholar. Defective actin dynamics in dendritic spines: cause or consequence of age-induced cognitive decline? 2004;996:8996. 2013;73:4737. The increase in M1 receptor gene expression along with the impairment of novel preferences in Wi-Fi-exposed animals may suggest a possible role of the cholinergic system in the detrimental effects of Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration [100]. It is noteworthy that most of the above mentioned studies were based on the theory that the effects caused by microwaves are non-thermal. The authors therefore proposed that synaptic conduction disorders are associated with damage to cognitive functions. Richter et al. Therefore, the authors concluded that exposure to a radiofrequency of 900MHz might trigger the neoplastic process because it produces a relative increase in the number of potentially long-lived cells. CAS Mitochondria morphologic changes and metabolic effects of rat hippocampus after microwave irradiation. Preece A, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. 2011;107:35661. Messier C, Durkin T, Mrabet O, Destrade C. Memory-improving action of glucose: indirect evidence for a facilitation of hippocampal acetylcholine synthesis. Google Scholar. By using this website, you agree to our Gene. statement and Concurrently, the discovery that microwaves have positive biological effects has presented new challenges for research and applications in this field. Singh S, Mani KV, Kapoor N. Effect of occupational EMF exposure from radar at two different frequency bands on plasma melatonin and serotonin levels. Standard devices used by military personnel that may pose electromagnetic hazards include radars and missile systems. However, other reports have indicated that unlike ionizing radiation, the microwave radiation produced by mobile phones does not possess sufficient energy to directly damage DNA. Sci Total Environ. 2004;48:46624. Regional cerebral glucose uptake in the 3xTG model of Alzheimer's disease highlights common regional vulnerability across AD mouse models. Because the frequency of microwaves is sufficiently high that the energy is absorbed, the subsequent heating of tissue becomes its major mechanism, and most biochemical and physiological responses are temperature-dependent. Chin J Radiol Med Prot. The thermal effects of exposure to RF and microwave radiation are well established and fairly well understood. [92] found that 900MHz microwave radiation emitted by mobile phones increased protein carbonyl levels in the brains of rats, suggesting that 900MHz microwave radiation can alter some biomolecules such as proteins. Merola P, Marino C, Lovisolo G, Pinto R, Laconi C, Negroni A. 2011;174:211. Wang L, Hu X, Peng R. Influence of long-term microwave radiation on contents of amino acids and monoamines in urine of Wistar rats. Biomed Environ Sci. Microwave frequencies for which the wavelengths are the same order of magnitude as the dimensions of human body produce close coupling between the body and the microwave field. Acta Neurol Belg. 2007;210:63544. The role of microRNAs in cancer. 2005;161:52635. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains. To investigate the effects of 2.4GHz Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration in rats, a cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition (CMOR) task was performed by four variations of the spontaneous object recognition (SOR) test including the standard SOR, tactile SOR, visual SOR, and CMOR tests. Shahin found that regardless of whether exposure was long-term or short-term, 2.45GHz microwaves increased oxidative/nitrosative stress, which potentially led to apoptosis in hippocampal subfield neurons and non-neuronal cells as a result of p53-dependent/independent activation. 2011;343:5224. After exposure to microwave irradiation (an average power density of 30mW/m2 for 5min/d on five days a week for two consecutive months), the expression of NR2B was decreased in rats, the level of Glu was increased in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid, spatial memory ability was decreased among rats with the TT genotype, and there was no change in the CC type and TC type animals. Google Scholar. Megha et al. The experimental rats were divided into six groups of 3 adult rats and 3 young rats in each group (with control, GSM alone and call-receiving subgroups in each group). 1990;39:13543. Oto R, Akda Z, Dada S, Celik Y. The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism.
Nm Governor Election 2022,
Shawnee County Public Access Mugshots,
Signs Someone Is Thinking About You Telepathically,
Articles E
