fusitriton oregonensis pathogenbarrow county school board meeting

WebThe Oregon triton inhabits the intertidal and subtidal to 90 m deep, and is more commonly found on rocky substrates. Some examples are better interpreted in terms of selfishness by the male, such as sperm flushing. It is said that the species name (oregonesis) celebrated the naming of the Oregon territory. PLOS Biology provides an Open Access platform to showcase your best research and commentary across all areas of biological science. Biological Bulletin. 213(2) 152-159. Features not previously reported in other ultrastructural studies of paraspermatozoa include the acrosome-like structure of the head, the structure ofthe midpiece zone, the glycogen sheath of the major tail, the dense annular structure at the junction of the midpiece and major tail and the presence of microtubules in the final phase of head and midpiece maturation. Social evolution theory predicts that relatedness is central to social behaviour. WebFusitron oregonensis (Redfield, 1848) Common name(s): Hairy triton, Oregon hairy triton: Synonyms: Argobuccinium oregonense: Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda Subclass Prosobranchia Order Mesogastropoda Suborder Taenioglossa Family Cymatiidae: Fusitron oregonensis from 15 m depth, Sares Head. No, Is the Subject Area "Altruistic behavior" applicable to this article? It is fairly common, and can be locally abundant. [1], The snail was given its specific name oregonensis (meaning "of Oregon") to honor the Oregon Territory by conchologist John Howard Redfield in 1846. . There is a second apyrene sperm, which is lancet-shaped and has a different internal organization than the carrier, but does not transport eupyrene sperm.The eupyrene sperm are filiform (185 m long), with a conical acrosome, elongate nucleus and midpiece. He's not even the best drummer in the Beatles. Attributed to John Lennon, after a reporter commented that Ringo was not the best drummer in the world. Unsolved Mysteries discuss a topic of biological importance that is poorly understood and in need of research attention. For example, male butterflies produce two types of sperm: eupyrene and apyrene sperm. In other words, if females only mate once, there is no sperm competition from a male's perspective, which may reduce his benefits from the formation of competitive sperm groups that swim against each other. [1], Species within the genus Fusitroton include:[1]. In order to fuse with an egg, mammalian sperm must undergo an acrosome reaction, in which their acrosome tip is bared of its membrane and sperm hydrolytic enzymes are released. Natural selection favours queens that engage in a fatal duel, although the fighting is not spiteful but selfish because a queen's personal reproduction is increased if she wins (Table 1). WebFusitriton oregonensis (Redfield, 1848) Oregon triton Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2100 This map was computer-generated and has not yet been reviewed. He has little to gain from sperm infighting, and instead only seeks to ensure that all of the eggs available are fertilised by his sperm. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fusitriton&oldid=1010071512, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 March 2021, at 17:24. We then turn to more paradoxical cases where the morphology and/or behaviour of a sperm cell actually reduces its probability of fertilisation, and interpret these traits in light of the evolution of altruism and spite (Table 1). Part I. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060130.g001. [1] The snail was given its specific name oregonensis (meaning "of Oregon") to honor the Oregon Territory by conchologist John Howard Redfield in 1846. And while no speed advantage in grouping was found in the house mouse, Mus musculus [10], sperm groups swim faster than single sperm in the Norway rat [10] and the wood mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus (discussed below) [3]. WebThe Oregon triton is a common subtidal species of marine snail found from southern Califor-nia to the Gulf of Alaska and to the eastern Bering Sea. No, Is the Subject Area "Sperm head" applicable to this article? Calculations of relatedness require one to assign the relevant population scale at which individuals interact and compete (see Box 1, [16]). An extraordinarily long larval duration of 4.5 Years from hatching to metamorphosis for teleplanic veligers of Fusitriton oregonensis. Later features, including the peripheral condensation of nuclear chromatin followed by nuclear invagination, the posterior breakdown into nuclear vesicles (caryomerites), centriole multiplication and the synthesis of secretory products, are the most conspicuous changes in the process of paraspermatogenesis. PLoS Biol 6(5): https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060130.t001. The eggs are placed in rectangular capsules in a spiral pattern. In support of this theory, recent artificial insemination experiments in the silkworm moth Bombyx mori revealed that parasperm may facilitate transport of eusperm to the site of sperm storage and/or fertilisation [18], and the enormous size of the parasperm in some molluscs, up to 140 times larger than eusperm, may also help to shuttle eusperm to the eggs [19]. But it is also clear that the standard measure of relatedness does not usefully predict this behaviour: positive relatedness is not expected to drive fatal conflicts. The replication of centrioles during spermatogenesis in the Prosobranch snail is described in the light of the theory, first proposed by Pollister, that the supernumerary centriole in the atypical cells are derived from the centromeres of degenerating chromosomes. Focusing then on an allele for, say, altruistic behaviour, one can ask whether a recipient of altruism has an above-average chance of having the allele that is present in the altruistic actor. WebThe prosobranch Fusitriton oregonensis exhibits an unusual form of sperm polymorphism, which is attached in groups of about fifty to worm-shaped, apyrene, carrier sperm, and the possible functions of the lancet and carrier sperm are discussed. Parasperm may also actively release compounds that harm eusperm: immature lancet paraspermatids are known to produce digestive enzymes that may end up being released in the female [19]. This Cymatiidae-related article is a stub. Only five of the 14 species of solitary ascidians in the San Juan Islands, Washington, USA commonly co-occur with an abundant predator of the rocky subtida More formally, relatedness is calculated as (pR - p)/(pA - p) where pR, pA, and p denote focal gene frequency at a focal locus in recipients, actors, and the population at large [43]. Is the Subject Area "Sperm" applicable to this article? WebFusitriton oregonensis is a species of large predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cymatiidae. The nucleus of the parasperm is eliminated during paraspermiogenesis, but there is considerable post-transcriptional secretion activity resulting in the production of a variety of granules, some rich in glycoproteins. In spite of the potential costs, therefore, train formation and conjugation may represent purely mutualistic behaviours (Table 1). But why would close relatives kill each other? The male interests, however, are different. Zeitschrift fr Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie. The eggs are placed in rectangular capsules in a spiral pattern. [9] From [10]. Finally, parasperm may sometimes reduce the spermicidal effects in the female reproductive tract, thereby saving some eusperm [20,21]. At the extremes, sperm could be kept entirely separate or mix fully. It is here that we can expect sperm to be the most social; here they will diversify in form and function, engaging one another in competition or coalition to satisfy those selfish genes. No, Is the Subject Area "Natural selection" applicable to this article? WebAbstract. This is nowhere more important than in the measure of genetic relatedness. It is fairly common, and can be locally abundant. We are grateful to Andy Gardner, Geoff Parker, John Buckland-Nicks, Greg Neely, Nilay Yapici, and Stuart West for many helpful comments, and to John Buckland-Nicks and Harry Moore for kindly providing photographic material. WebFusitriton oregonensis (Oregon hairy triton) is a species of large predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cymatiidae. Environmental ranges Depth range (m): 0 - 662.5 There is another interpretation that puts the sperm back in the spotlight: perhaps sperm are able to specifically target and group together with their closest relatives. Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. [1] The snail was given its specific name oregonensis (meaning "of Oregon") to honor the Oregon Territory by conchologist John Howard Redfield in 1846. It is fairly common, and can be locally abundant. This is because each sperm can benefit from out-swimming another sperm, regardless of whether that sperm comes from the same male or a different male. It is said that the species name (oregonesis) celebrated the naming of the Oregon territory. VENUS (The Japanese Journals of Malacology). 50(4) 302304. The nature of starfish This means that, in addition to conflict among individual sperm, there is also potential conflict between each sperm and the male, which could lead to an evolutionary arms race over which controls sperm morphology and behaviour [5,7]. (B) Motile grouping of wood mouse sperm (credit: Harry Moore). We will argue here that it does. WebFusitriton oregonensis is a species of large predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cymatiidae. A comparable effect is seen in the opossum. However, the mixing of sperm from competing males also means that a sperm cell is now more likely to share genes with sperm from the same male than with the average sperm present in the female (positive relatedness). This means that sperm will probably join with sperm from the same male rather than sperm from another male that mates before or afterwards; i.e., there may often be positive relatedness within the sperm groups (Figure 1, Box 1). [10] Under laboratory conditions, the larvae showed no signs of senescence at that point. Sperm evolution requires one to consider Darwinian selection on multiple interacting parties and at multiple levels, and this lends itself to the tools of sociobiology: kin selection and multi-level selection theory [4]. What may be going on is a life-or-death lottery that carries extremely good odds. Beu A.G. 2010 [August]. The power of interspecies comparisons for our understanding of sperm biology is already clear from the link between sperm morphology and promiscuity (Figure 2). Fusitriton oregonensis (Oregon hairy triton) is a species of large predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cymatiidae. This excess sperm cannot contribute to fertilisation but appears to flush out previously stored sperm from a competing ejaculate, and while this means that some sperm are harming others, these sperm do not seem to have much choice in the matter. As our simple analysis shows (Figure 1), negative relatedness between sperm abounds within the sperm storage organ of a promiscuous female, in which sperm of multiple males mingle, setting the scene for spite. WebThe prosobranch Fusitriton oregonensis exhibits an unusual form of sperm polymorphism, which is attached in groups of about fifty to worm-shaped, apyrene, carrier sperm, and the possible functions of the lancet and carrier sperm are discussed. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060130.g003. Take the opossum pairing. And, importantly, we are taking a different scale for the male and the sperm here: we assume that all evolutionary competition for sperm occurs within the female: she is the population for each sperm (Box 1). Golikov A.N., Starobogatov Ya.I. The shell is light brown in color and is covered with gray-brown bristly periostracum, hence the name "hairy." Formally, relatedness is calculated as (pR- p)/(pA - p) where pR, pA, and p denote focal gene frequency in recipients, actors, and the population (Box 1, [42]). Pairing of tritons occurs from spring to the end of July. [ .., .. WebFusitriton oregonensis (Redfield, 1848) Oregon triton Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2100 This map was computer-generated and has not yet been reviewed. WebGenus Fusitriton Species oregonensis Common Name: Hairy Oregon Triton. As we have seen, sperm can benefit from joining forces with others, helping their kin, or even harming others. This opportunity paves the way, in evolutionary terms, for behaviours that reduce an individual sperm's chance of fertilising in order to increase the chances of another: sperm altruism. Honeybee queens are not fighting with all other queens in the population for their place in a colony (which would give relatedness of approximately 0.25, as queens are typically half-sisters). With non-random sperm mixing, natural selection may favour sperm that act altruistically and help related sperm at a fitness cost to themselves. Fusitriton oregonensis AquaMaps Data sources: GBIF OBIS Upload your photos Google image | No photo available for this species. They contain large stores of glycogen in. For example, the Oregon triton, Fusitriton oregonensis, has two distinct parasperm types: sperm shuttlers (above) and lancets (Figure 4A4C), and experiments that add a homogenate of parasperm to eusperm find that this causes the eusperm to clump together in vitro, an effect not seen when adding eusperm to eusperm [19]. When interacting with relatives, a sperm has the opportunity to transmit its genes by helping other sperm that carry them (indirect fitness) as well as by personally fertilising an egg (direct fitness) [16]. No, Is the Subject Area "Fertilization" applicable to this article? WebDepth range based on 90 specimens in 1 taxon. In the case of sperm in internally fertilising species, we expect the majority of competition among sperm to function within the female, and we therefore use the single female as the population measure p in Figure 1. Water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 50 samples. The potential for sperm to have a social life then seems clear, but does this help us to make sense of the diverse sperm behaviour seen in nature? As for all assessments, assessments made in sociobiology must be tied to a specific reference scale, be it a local group or a global community [41,42]. Finally, we must better understand how the insemination of different ejaculates affects female fitness. Duggins, personal observation) can consume urchins, but the crabs and eels are rare in this benthic community, and Fusitriton, while common, eats urchins rarely (D. 0. The Oregon hairy triton was first described by botonist J. H. Redfield in 1848. WebFusitron oregonensis (Redfield, 1848) Common name(s): Hairy triton, Oregon hairy triton: Synonyms: Argobuccinium oregonense: Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda Subclass Prosobranchia Order Mesogastropoda Suborder Taenioglossa Family Cymatiidae: Fusitron oregonensis from 15 m depth, Sares Head. Fusitriton is a genus of large predatory sea snails marine gastropod molluscs in the family Cymatiidae. (B) Montage of side-by-side transmission electron microscopy sections of the carrier (i) and lancet (ii) parasperm. WebFusitriton oregonensis (Oregon hairy triton) is a species of large predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cymatiidae. Radulae of Three Gastropodous Species from the Sagami Bay, which were Collected by The Emperor Showa. WebFusitron oregonensis (Redfield, 1848) Common name(s): Hairy triton, Oregon hairy triton: Synonyms: Argobuccinium oregonense: Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda Subclass Prosobranchia Order Mesogastropoda Suborder Taenioglossa Family Cymatiidae: Fusitron oregonensis from 15 m depth, Sares Head. The question of sperm autonomy lies in the relative degree to which sperm can express their genes when in the haploid state. [5], The Oregon hairy triton is native to the northwestern coast of North America. The filiform spermatozoon of Littorina contains a conical acrosome positioned anteriorly to the nucleus, a series of pores that connect the mitochondria directly with the external environment, and a distinct joint separates the mitochondrial and tail regions. There are clearly some constraints: mature sperm DNA is condensed, which limits its potential for expression [33,34]. The sperm morphology of Adelomelon beckii is described by optical and transmission electron microscopy and the use of paraspermatozoa is suggested as a systematic character to reveal phylogenetic relationships in this family. WebFusitriton is a genus of large predatory sea snails marine gastropod molluscs in the family Cymatiidae. Show More The snail was given its specific name oregonensis (meaning "of Oregon") to honor the Oregon Territory by conchologist John Howard Redfield in 1846. (B) Pairs of conjugate sperm attached by the heads, the top pair starting to separate after capacitation. What is clear is that the spermmale partnership can be an uneasy one, steeped in potential conflicts. Meanwhile, sperm of gyrinid beetles are attached via a third-party rod-like object produced in the male epididymis, the spermatostyle. (A) Immature Oregon triton (Fusitriton oregonensis) lancet parasperm seen with scanning electron microscopy, showing the tail brush still present, which later develops into part of the body of the parasperm. As opossum conjugate sperm pairs move through the female oviduct and approach the egg, they split up, and while one swims on with fervour, the other falls away and loses motility [12,13]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060130. Not always. KRF is supported by National Institute of General Medical Sciences Center of Excellence Grant 5P50 GM 068763-01. Yes [2][3][4], It was declared the state seashell of Oregon in 1989 by the 65th Legislative Assembly. [1] For faster navigation, this Iframe is preloading the Wikiwand page for Fusitriton oregonensis . Only five of the 14 species of solitary ascidians in the San Juan Islands, Washington, USA commonly co-occur with an abundant predator of the rocky subtida WebAbstract. Just as positive relatedness predicts that there may be helping among individuals, so negative relatedness predicts that there may be harming. Examination of the ultrastructure of the mature spermatozoa of three species of Monacha in Egypt revealed that sperm of each of them composed of head, neck region, midpiece and end-piece, which recommend that they are actually three valid species representing this genus of land snails in Egypt. Neogene tonnoidean gastropods of tropical and South America: contributions to the Dominican Republic and Panama Paleontology Projects and uplift of the Central American Isthmus. WebFusitriton oregonensis is a species of large predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cymatiidae. Of course, it is also possible that sperm are simply forced to group by the male, which would mean that any sperm altruism is illusory in the sense that it did not evolve through natural selection acting at the level of sperm (sperm lack evolutionary agency). For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click Corporate life tells of its advantages: an effectively allied group will reliably trump a group in conflict. SummaryThe prosobranch Fusitriton oregonensis exhibits an unusual form of sperm polymorphism. (2010). More spectacularly social sperm are found in the humble Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus, and several other murid rodents, which have sperm with a distinctive hook-shaped head (Figure 2). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. The viable, eupyrene sperm are attached in groups of about fifty to worm-shaped, apyrene, carrier sperm. It is this 50% inflation relative to the average that gives the commonly cited relatedness among siblings, which is why, evolutionarily speaking at least, you should be nice to your siblings. The rise of sociobiology in the sixties and seventies was largely driven by the problem of altruism: why does a honeybee worker, for example, sacrifice her personal reproduction to help queen and colony? Yes Chromatin condensation begins with the formation of fibrous strands, then to lamellar plates which become folded and later twisted around the flagellar shaft, which eventually fuse to form a homogeneously dense nuclear tube. Summarize this article for a 10 years old, Fusitriton oregonensis (Oregon hairy triton) is a species of large predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cymatiidae. A more malicious and mysterious social behaviour is spite, whereby an actor reduces their personal fitness to harm a recipient [25]. WebFusitriton oregonensis, which has a reported range from California to northern Japan (Beu, 1978) that includes the isolated seamounts Cobb and Patton (Birkeland, 1971; Somerton, 1981). For example, if there are two alleles at equal frequency in the population at a focal locus, then unrelated people will have probability of having the same allele at that locus. This study was not planned as one of larval longevity and replication is low, but the observations are surprising and noteworthy. Veliger larvae of the NE Pacific snail Fusitriton oregonensis were reared in culture for 4.5 to 4.6 years from hatching to metamorphosis and through postlarval growth to reproduction. Similarly, carabid beetle species with more complex male genitalia and longer periods of mate guarding, characteristics typical of species with a high risk of inter-male sperm competition, tend to have relatively large sperm bundles, suggesting that sperm competition promotes the evolution of larger sperm groups [14]. Yes [1] The snail was given its specific name oregonensis (meaning "of Oregon") to honor the Oregon Territory by conchologist John Howard Redfield in 1846. [1] Species [ edit] Species within the genus Fusitroton include: [1] Fusitriton brasiliensis Cossignani & Cossignani, 2003 Fusitriton galea Kuroda & Habe, 1961 Fusitriton glassi Swinnen, 2019 Fusitriton laudandus Finlay, 1926 One interpretation is that these sperm are simply developmental failures, but their sheer numbers, more than half of the sperm of an ejaculate in some cases, suggest otherwise [2]. With these questions, we return to the paradox of those sperm that cannot, or will not, fertilise an egg. A fuller understanding of the biology of these systems is required [24]. Bulletins of American Paleontology 377-378: 550 pp, 79 pls. Can you list the top facts and stats about Fusitriton oregonensis? WebFusitriton oregonensis (Oregon hairy triton) is a species of large predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cymatiidae. In 1989, the Oregon hairy triton was declared the states official sea shell by the sixty-fifth Legislative Assembly of Oregon. Pairing of tritons occurs from spring to the end of July. A simple social action is to form some kind of team. Larval shells grew in length from 0.20 to 3.9 mm. In this case, there can be no malesperm conflict, and sperm evolution is driven by the male alone. The nature of starfish Only five of the 14 species of solitary ascidians in the San Juan Islands, Washington, USA commonly co-occur with an abundant predator of the rocky subtida Duggins, personal observation) can consume urchins, but the crabs and eels are rare in this benthic community, and Fusitriton, while common, eats urchins rarely (D. 0. WebThe Oregon triton inhabits the intertidal and subtidal to 90 m deep, and is more commonly found on rocky substrates. Late veligers grew slowly, but shell sizes increased even in the 4th and 5th years. Yes However, there are numerous less obliging cases where sperm seem poorly suited to the task, even to the extent that the majority of sperm in an ejaculate may be infertile [2,3]. This principle of mutual cooperation is consistent with several sperm behaviours that appear to increase the fertilising probability of all team players. (D) The shape (left graph) and curvature (right graph) of the apical hook across different species of murid rodents in relation to the level of sperm competition (relative testes mass). The answer is a mixture of kinshippassing on shared genes through relativesand coercioninsect workers are born subfertile and have their reproduction policed by other colony members [17]. , , 116: 292 .]. [1] For faster navigation, this Iframe is preloading the Wikiwand page for Fusitriton oregonensis . Copyright: 2008 Pizzari and Foster. Further experiments that mix differentially labelled sperm would provide opportunities to test the potential for sperm kin recognition and spermsperm interactions in general. No drawings available for Cymatiidae. The nature of starfish [1] For faster navigation, this Iframe is preloading the Wikiwand page for Fusitriton oregonensis . At least, there is growing indirect evidence of a link between sperm competition and social grouping. While subsequent studies did not support this idea in humans [31,32], similar mechanisms might occur in some snails. The ability of sperm to express their own genes suggests that we should not view them simply as passive automata that serve the male, but rather as semi-independent agents with their own evolutionary interests. Helgolnder wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, Besides typical spermatozoa, which fertilize eggs, extraordinarily large atypical spermatozoa of extremely bizarre shape are formed in the testis of the protandric marine snailEpitonium tinctum, Two kinds of spermatozoa are formed in the testis of Goniobasis laqueata, typical (eupyrene) and atypical (apyrene); a similar dimorphism is noted in several other related genera. The prosobranch Fusitriton oregonensis exhibits an unusual form of sperm polymorphism. WebFusitriton oregonensis (Redfield, 1848) Oregon triton Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2100 This map was computer-generated and has not yet been reviewed. A swimming sperm cell appears to perfectly capture the individualist Darwinian struggle, as it frantically races onwards towards a waiting egg. This study was not planned as one of larval longevity and replication is low, but the observations are surprising and noteworthy. Veliger larvae of the NE Pacific snail Fusitriton oregonensis were reared in culture for 4.5 to 4.6 years from hatching to metamorphosis and through postlarval growth to reproduction. The Oregon hairy triton was first described by botonist J. H. Redfield in 1848. of Commander Islands. (A) Immature Oregon triton (Fusitriton oregonensis) lancet parasperm seen with scanning electron microscopy, showing the tail brush still present, which later develops into part of the body of the parasperm. As in eusocial insects [17], therefore, a combination of kinship and coercion may work in concert to produce sperm sociality. Larval shells grew in length from 0.20 to 3.9 mm. WebFusitriton oregonensis (Redfield, 1846) AphiaID 476496 (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:476496) Classification Biota Animalia (Kingdom) Mollusca (Phylum) Gastropoda (Class) Caenogastropoda (Subclass) Littorinimorpha (Order) Tonnoidea (Superfamily) Cymatiidae (Family) Fusitriton (Genus) Fusitriton oregonensis Duggins, personal observation). In order to make social evolution predictions, relatedness should always be measured at the locus or loci in the genome that drive the social action of interest (average across-genome measures are only a proxy for the loci that drive a behaviour). (A) Immature Oregon triton (Fusitriton oregonensis) lancet parasperm seen with scanning electron microscopy, showing the tail brush still present, which later develops into part of the body of the parasperm. 1978. Although the mode of action of these sperm is unclear, they are extremely motile and have been suggested to act as a filler that evolved to prevent the female from re-mating by stimulating her sperm storage organ and making it feel full. After mating the female tritons lay the eggs on vertical surfaces and under rock ledges. Show More The snail was given its specific name oregonensis (meaning "of Oregon") to honor the Oregon Territory by conchologist John Howard Redfield in 1846. The morphology of the slender, filiform spermatozoa of 13Protodrilus species of 22 different populations is investigated by light and transmission electron microscopy and elucidates possible plesiomorphous and apomorphous sperm traits. The magic ingredient for spite is negative relatedness, whereby individuals have a less than average chance of sharing genes. These social sperm are often highly adapted to the task. Puzzling at first, this hook is now thought to help sperm to reversibly form groups of up to several hundred sperm (Figure 2A and 2B). If a female mates again, things change. Duggins, personal observation). This is not yet clear. It occurs occasionally intertidally and is com-mon to 140 fm on rock, sand, shell, or gravel sub-strate. Pairing of tritons occurs from spring to the end of July. According to some authorities, four years is long enough to drift completely across the Pacific Ocean. Yes