is xhosa a khoisan language
the Ndebele is an integral aspect of Xhosa tradition. The Khoisan, or Click, linguistic family is made up of three branches: the Khoisan languages of the San (Bushmen) and Khoikhoi, spoken in various parts of sub-Saharan Africa; Sandawe, a language found in E Africa; and Hatsa (Hadzane or Hadzapi), also spoken in E Africa. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Updates? For Black Panther, director Ryan Coogler "wanted to make it a priority to use Xhosa as much as possible" in the script, and provided dialect coaches for the film's actors. Let me know using thecomments section below or join me on social media to start a conversation. There are some exceptions, for instance, the Sandawe language in Tanzania whose speakers have maintained a relatively stable linguistic community. Nama is used in education and in the media. and is made by putting the tongue just behind the front teeth. Xhosa nouns belong to 17 different classes, roughly based on semantic categories, e.g., there are classes for human beings, animals, plants, objects of various shapes, etc. Xhosa is an official language in South Africa and Zimbabe, and is used as a language of instruction in primary schools, and in some secondary schools. Italian for Confident Conversations (A2-B2). Kuria, Damin is an invented ritual language, and has nothing to do with Khoisan. uku-sebenz-is-el + wa -> ukusetyenziselwa "be used for"), but does not affect morpheme-initial consonants (i.e. Gldemann, Tom. Kiga, Although mutually intelligible, they are considered to be separate languages for political and cultural reasons. In contrast to the San who spoke highly divergent languages, the Khoikhoi spoke closely related dialects of the same language. 0 characters. With about 800 speakers in Tanzania, Hadza is no longer seen as a Khoisan language and appears to be unrelated to any other language. Additional phonemes use sequences of multiple letters. Xhosa may refer to: Xhosa people, a nation, and ethnic group, who live in south-central and southeasterly region of South Africa. That is, da may be pronounced [da] (or, equivalently, [da]). "History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation", "The Kxa Family: A New Khoisan Genealogy", . The phonology of Xhosa is characterized by a simple vowel inventory and a complex system of consonants. Interestingly, the word Xhosa is from the Khoisan language and means "The angry men". Thus their language is variously said to be extinct or to have 18,000 speakers, to be Ju or to be Khoe. isandla/izandla (hand/hands). Learn more about the Khoisan language family on Ethnologue. Their most distinctive linguistic characteristic is the original and extensive use of click consonants, a feature which has spread through cultural and linguistic contact into a number of Bantu (Niger-Congo) languagessuch as Xhosa, Zulu, and Sotho in South Africa and Gciriku (Diriku), Yei (Yeye), and Mbukushu in Botswana and Namibiaand into Dahalo, a Cushitic (Afro-Asiatic) language of Kenya. Punu, 1998. Xhosa has three basic clicks . In Haacke, Wilfrid and Elderkin, Edward Derek (eds. The Tuu family consists of two language clusters, which are related to each other at about the distance of Khoekhoe and Tshukhwe within Khoe. In Voeltz, Erhard Friedrich Karl (ed.). Omniglot is how I make my living. #VisitSouthAfrica https://t.co/xwXs0dxd2l, We've got you covered! Therefore, the absolute duration of voicing is the same as in tenuis stops. Other Southeastern Bantu languages are Zulu, Swati (Swazi), Sotho, Tswana, Venda, and Ndebele. The Khoe family is both the most numerous and diverse family of Khoisan languages, with seven living languages and over a quarter million speakers. 2003. [4][5] It has been suggested that the similarities of the Tuu and Kxa families are due to a southern African Sprachbund rather than a genealogical relationship, whereas the Khoe (or perhaps KwadiKhoe) family is a more recent migrant to the area, and may be related to Sandawe in East Africa.[3]. Nyamwezi, The Xhosa language is properly referred to as isiXhosa. The official name of the language is isiXhosa, with the key word Xhosa being derived from the Khoisan Language. Literary works, including prose and poetry, are available in Xhosa, as are newspapers and magazines. As a balance to consonant complexity, strict rules restrict clicks and most of the non-clicks to the beginning of a word being followed always by a vowel. Their language is often called the 'click ' language because of its three dominant clicks, which entered the isi Xhosa language when the Nguni arrivals mixed with the Khoisan. Maore, In South Africa a variation of this process allowed the Khoisan languages to exert a powerful linguistic influence on the dominant languages before they disappeared, leaving Afrikaans and some Bantu languages with a number of distinctive Khoisan features. This produces something like the English tut-tut. Ejective consonants are pronounced with simultaneous closure of the glottis, raising air pressure in the mouth, so when the sound is released, there is a noticeable burst of air accompanying the release. #VisitSouthAfrica https://t.co/EHxIRKzU37, RT @FIAFormulaE: The Rainbow Nation Want my "9 Steps to Reach Fluency Faster" playbook? nangokweemfanelo. Tone, stress and vowel length are not indicated. [citation needed]Presently, approximately nine million Xhosa . #CapeTownEPrix This creates a sound somewhat resembling a cork being pulled out of a bottle. Swati and Ndebele, and mutually intelligible with them to some extent. #CapeTownEPrix Occasionally other languages are said by laypeople to have "click" sounds. The Zulu refer to the Eastern Cape as KwaXhosa which is translated to place of the Xhosa. "Die Khoisan-Familie." ), Khoisan Linguistic Studies . / Foreign language learning is real world education, /c, , , , x, , / have no equivalents in English. It is a national of Namibia, along with English and a number of other regional languages. (Click here for an audio sample of the extinct !Ora language.) It is closely related to Zulu, Swati, and Ndebele. Fricatives become affricated and, if voiceless, they become ejectives as well: mf is pronounced [pf], ndl is pronounced [nd], n+hl becomes ntl [nt], n+z becomes ndz [ndz], n+q becomes [n] etc. The Nguni languages are unique among Bantu languages in that they have imploded "clicking" phonemes. Learn more about the Nilo-Saharan language family on Ethnologue. The fact that many of the surviving languages are endangered and some are even on the point of extinction bears testimony to inexorable social, economic, linguistic, and demographic forces that continue to marginalize and consume indigenous linguistic and cultural minorities. Ancestors of the Xhosa migrated to the east coast of Africa and came across Khoisan-speaking people; "as a result of this contact, the Xhosa people borrowed some Khoisan words along with their pronunciation, for instance, the click sounds of the Khoisan languages". (Their numbers have been included under Nama above.) so much, I reached out to them and weve teamed up to offer, across all of uTalks 140 languages! Total number of users in all countries is 19.2 million (. [8] Despite their shared clicks, the Khoisan languages diverge significantly from each other. Thus, a more correct spelling is Khoesaan. Rafiki, the sagely mandrill chants Xhosa on The Lion King and its reboot. Zigula, Starostin (2013) accepts a relationship between Sandawe and Khoi is plausible, as is one between Tuu and Kxa, but sees no indication of a relationship between Sandawe and Khoi on the one hand and Tuu and Kxa on the other, or between any of them and Hadza. Making the Khoisan languages amongst the most ancient of all human tongues. Watch this video of Miriam Makebas singQongqothwane in Xhosa, also known as The Click Song. , "A Lexicostatistical Approach towards Reconstructing Proto-Khoisan", "From modern Khoisan languages to Proto-Khoisan: The Value of Intermediate Reconstructions. Mpondo (Pondo), Xesibe, Bomwana, Gaika, Gcaleka, Thembu, Mpondomise, Ndlambe (Ethnologue). Anthony Traill at first accepted Khoisan (Traill 1986), but by 1998 concluded that it could not be demonstrated with current data and methods, rejecting it as based on a single typological criterion: the presence of clicks. When consonants are prenasalised, their pronunciation and spelling may change. is awesome for learning key words and phrases in Xhosa, especially if you want to use it for travel purposes. Tswana, Xhosa is part of the branch of Nguni languages, which also include Zulu, Southern Ndebele and Northern Ndebele, called the Zunda languages. Xhosa has the following clicks consonants which can be modified in a variety of ways, such as aspirated, breathy-voiced or nasalized. However, there is no scientific proof to support this hypothesis since all languages use sound symbolism to a lesser or greater extent. http://www.youtube.com/user/XhosaKhaya Northern Sotho, 'The adaptation of non-click consonants in Xhosa'. A century ago the Haiom people spoke a Ju dialect, probably close to Kung, but they now speak a divergent dialect of Nama. Impariamo insieme! How difficult is it to learn Xhosa? Privacy Policy The pocket of air produced by the resulting enclosure is rarefied by the sucking action of the tongue. Forming part of Durban's vibrant Golden Mile, the Bay of Plenty lies at the heart of the beachfront, with high-rise hotels and apartment buildings making the most of the stunning sea view. Zulu, Languages written with the Latin alphabet, if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'omniglot_com-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_2',147,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-omniglot_com-large-mobile-banner-1-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'omniglot_com-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_3',147,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-omniglot_com-large-mobile-banner-1-0_1'); .large-mobile-banner-1-multi-147{border:none !important;display:block !important;float:none !important;line-height:0px;margin-bottom:7px !important;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;margin-top:7px !important;max-width:100% !important;min-height:50px;padding:0;text-align:center !important;}. Khoisan languages, a unique group of African languages spoken mainly in southern Africa, with two outlying languages found in eastern Africa. The ceremonial slaughtering of animals is one of the many ways by which ancestors are invoked. The Kxa family is a relatively distant relationship formally demonstrated in 2010.[11]. I promise not to spam you. The Xhosa themselves are somewhat ambivalent about the use of their language in education. There are no definite or indefinite articles. When aspirated clicks (ch, xh, qh) are prenasalised, the silent letter k is added (nkc, nkx, nkq) to prevent confusion with the nasal clicks nc, nx, nq, and are actually distinct sounds. Xhosa is one of the 11 official languages recognized by the South African Constitution, and in 2006 it was determined that just over 7 million South Africans speak Xhosa as a home language. second language speakers. We look forward to https://t.co/QcOGOzgax0, In collaboration with Advertising Week and Hartbeat, the Nelson Mandela foundation presents the Healing Power of La https://t.co/ati9CUOaa0, upon for guidance, support and to turn the tide of favour, , the majority of whom live in Eastern Cape, , and ancient traditions remain strong in this proud people, A certain amount of intermarriage with the Khoisan people they found here, Enchantment winds through the Xhosa language, dress and rituals. Swati, Baucom, Kenneth L. 1974. Read More; development. The South African Broadcasting Corporation broadcasts in Xhosa on both radio (on Umhlobo Wenene FM) and television, and films, plays and music are also produced in the language. Accent I'm fluent in Xhosa. Group of African language families with click consonants, "San language" redirects here. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. In South Africa, 19.1 million speak the language, with 8.1 million speaking it as their first language. This process can skip rightwards to non-local syllables (i.e. The sociolinguistic story of the South African Khoesan languages is one of language death (Dorian 1989), and finds its place in the discussion of language death in Africa (Dimendaal 1989, Brenzinger 1992, Brenzinger et al. [22], Proportion of the South African population that speaks Xhosa at home, These are analogous to the slack-voice nasals mh, nh, etc. These famous click sounds are found in Khoisan languages (alternative names include Khoesaan or Khoesan). Ejective consonants They are descended from the Nguni, who began migrating south from central and northern Africa more than a thousand years ago. The last is a lateral click with the tongue at the side of the mouth. Mandekan, Nkore, The Origins of the Xhosa Language The Xhosa Language has its roots in South Africa from an ethnic group known as the amaXhosa. for $0.07/word. If you want detailed destinations guides, languages learning tips, and travel phrase guides, then you've come to the right place! Lingala, All Khoisan languages but two are indigenous to southern Africa and belong to three language families. The Khoisan people have a unique language that is characterized by clicking sounds made with the tongue and mouth. No idea what a clicking language is? The 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries, however, have witnessed the death of many of the recorded languages and dialects, and their distribution is now largely confined to Botswana and Namibia. All education at the university level is in English or Afrikaans. Zulu: 22.7%, Xhosa: 16%, Afrikaans . We use the verb "have" to denote possession, ownership, and other related meanings. Haya, However, some of the letters have a different pronunciation from English. In, Sands, Bonny. Nama, the largest Khoisan language, is officially recognized in Namibia and is taught at universities. According to the 2011 census there The verb "nga" has a variety of forms . Ewondo, Lozi, Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. There are a number of print publications in Xhosa, or in Xhosa and English. [12] It is the second most common Bantu home language in South Africa as a whole. A dental click sounds like tsk, tsk! In, Treis, Yvonne. The best-known performer of Xhosa songs outside South Africa was Miriam Makeba, whose Click Song #1 (Xhosa Qongqothwane) and "Click Song #2" (Baxabene Ooxam) are known for their large number of click sounds. Each click can combine with a number of accompanying articulations such as voicing, nasality, aspiration, and ejection producing a potentially large number of consonantal sounds: Nama has 20, Gwi 52, Juhoan 55 and Xo 83. Chokwe, Xhosa is also heard in Johannesburg and the Western Cape. Some languages have become extinct and others are endangered. The onset cluster /kl/ from phonologized loanwords such as, The unwritten glottal stop is present in words like, In informal writing, this murmured consonant can sometimes be seen spelled as, sebenz + -is + -el +wa -> setyenziselwa [setenziselwa] (used for), This page was last edited on 25 February 2023, at 23:55. Bulu, http://www.salanguages.com/isixhosa/xhowrd.htm This offer isnt available anywhere else! Is Xhosa a Khoisan language? A member of a Bantu people inhabiting the eastern part of Cape Province, South Africa. The Khoisan people, who at various points have been referred to using the derogatory terms 'Bushmen' and 'Hottentots', as well as Kung, Kxoe, Khoi Khoi, Ovahimba, San, Vatua and !Xu, are an ethno-linguistic group that has traditionally been marginalised throughout South African history. 3. For the Mande language spoken in Burkina Faso, see, Map showing the distribution of the Khoisan languages (yellow), Grammatically, the southern Khoisan languages are generally, Greenberg, Joseph H. 1955. "Comparison and Classification of Khoisan languages." These are typically written with characters such as and . Clicks are quite versatile as consonants, as they involve two articulations of the tongue which can operate partially independently. aquatic human-like beings who accept into their family those who drown. The Bantu languages adopted the use of clicks from neighboring, displaced, or absorbed Khoisan populations (or from other Bantu languages), often through intermarriage, while the Dahalo are thought to have retained clicks from an earlier language when they shifted to speaking a Cushitic language; if so, the pre-Dahalo language may have been something like Hadza or Sandawe. The Xhosa number approximately 7.1-million, the majority of whom live in Eastern Cape, and ancient traditions remain strong in this proud people. The numerous click consonants have been borrowed from Khoi or San words. [20] The Bantu ancestor of Xhosa did not have clicks, which attests to a strong historical contact with a Khoisan language that did. It is believed that the Xhosa language "click" sounds originated from the Khoisan language and that they were assimilated into the Xhosa Language over a long period of amalgamation between Xhosa and Khoisan peoples. 1 Before monosyllabic stems, e.g. Although vowel length distinguishes word meaning, the length is not represented in writing, except for and . Xhosa has a complex system of consonants, including some uncommon ones. Can you reproduce these click types? "Toward reconstructing Proto-South Khoisan." 1991). Zinza, One puzzling feature of the Khoisan languages is that, despite some uniformity in their use of clicks, they differ considerably among themselves in aspects such as word formation, sentence structure, and vocabulary. Their use in education has been governed by legislation, beginning with the Bantu Education Act, 1953.[12]. Archaeological evidence suggests that the Khoisan people appeared in southern Africa 60,000 years ago. Look up Xhosa or xhosa in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. The word order is subjectverbobject, like in English. Amongs https://t.co/Un48auA2t0, South African Tourism's initiatives and projects within the "growing green economy" are highlighted through partner https://t.co/BlBqEBi0pj, Were proud and excited to be associated with @CapeTownEprix in hosting the first ABB FIA Formula E World champions https://t.co/0prwWK7DrC, It is great to hear you are feeling our vibe Mpho! The Khoisan (Khoesan) language family is the smallest of the language families of Africa. As in other Bantu languages, nouns in Xhosa are classified into morphological classes, or genders (15 in Xhosa), with different prefixes for both singular and plural. women are easily recognised by their heavy dress, matching turban and coloured dots decorating their faces. OshiWambo, Central Khoisan, the largest group, includes Nama (Khoekhoe, Khoekhoegowab) and Haiom (Saan) spoken in Namibia, and smaller languages spoken in the Kalahari desert of Botswana. sas 1. Others think that Xhosa-speaking children should be taught in their native language in the early grades. They refer to themselves as the amaXhosa and their language as isiXhosa. Gogo, Nyakyusa, Kinyarwanda, As an example, the composition of the verb In the sentence Un-ntwana u-ya-wa-sel-a ama-nzi One child drinks water is shown below. / Kisi, Author of. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. [1][2] Khoisan is defined as those languages that have click consonants and do not belong to other African language families. A palatal click is a sharp pop made by drawing the tongue down quickly from the roof of the mouth. The spirits of those who have passed on are honoured in rituals and ceremonies. National Treasures Below are some common words and sentences in Xhosa. The first two columns include words from the two Khoisan language isolates, Sandawe and Hadza. Only phonemic, and thus reflected orthographically, for. http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/, Xhosa phrases [3] Ethnically, their speakers are the Khoikhoi and the San (Bushmen). South Khoisan includes a couple of endangered and several extinct languages of the Kalahari Desert. languages as a result of long and extensive interaction between the Photography and infographics cannot be used without permission.Privacy Policy | Cookie Policy | Terms and Conditions, Language Learning for Travellers & Heritage Learners, Italian Travel Phrases Cheat-Sheet! They Thus, the word for people is abantu in all these languages. Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika is part of the national anthem of South Africa, national anthem of Tanzania and Zambia, and the former anthem of Zimbabwe and Namibia. Breathy-voiced consonants are produced when the vocal cords vibrate, as they do in normal voicing, but are held further apart, so that a volume of air escapes between them. It forms part of the ornamentation that reflects the different stages of a womans life. The name Khoisan is a compound word formed with the native words khoi "person" and san "forager", meaning 'persons who forage in the bush" or "bushmen". Learn how your comment data is processed. In all of the Southern African Khoisan languages, a simple rule applies to using the sound. Don't let the learning stop here. http://xhosaculture.co.za/about-us/learn-xhosa/ Kongo, iliso (eye), uluhlu (list). Xhosa is the most widely distributed African language in South Africa, though the most widely spoken African language is Zulu. They are marked with an apostrophe //. This ritual vocabulary of the Lardil of Australia contains some words with clicks together with other peculiar sounds, but the use of clicks is limited, and they have a symbolic value in addition to their linguistic function. Xhosa is a Bantu language spoken in South Africa, mainly in the Languages such as Zulu and Xhosa make use of three of the five kinds of clicks. See also Khoisan languages, which contains several audio clips. In keeping with many other Bantu languages, Xhosa is an agglutinative language, with an array of prefixes and suffixes that are attached to root words. Nande, Bukusu, Some scholars speculate that they might represent an earlier stage in the evolution of human language. This click is like the sound people make to call horses. 9 reasons youre not fluentYET & how to fix it! In Nguni. Xhosa. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'omniglot_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_1',141,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-omniglot_com-medrectangle-4-0'); Download an alphabet chart for Xhosa (Excel). On commence, ce tour d'horizon des onze langues officielles en Afrique du Sud par le xhosa. The original stanza was: Additional stanzas were written later by Sontonga and other writers, with the original verse translated into Sotho and Afrikaans, as well as English. 2 is- and iz- replace isi- and izi- respectively before stems beginning with a vowel, e.g. It's a wrap! When plain voiceless clicks (c, x, q) are prenasalized, they become slack voiced nasal (ngc, ngx, ngq). Snyman, Jan Winston. https://www.ethnologue.com/language/xho, Online Xhosa lessons The original and unique use of clicks in the Khoisan languages has invited speculation that these unusual sounds might reflect an earlier stage in the evolution of language when sounds were natural vocal adaptations to the environment. Khoisan languages are best known for their use of click consonants as phonemes. Sukuma, Xhosa verbs are highly inflected. I don't know, but I think you can compare them to Danish, Norwegian and Swedish. Janina Brutt-Griffler claims, "given that such colonial borders were generally arbitrarily drawn, they grouped large numbers of ethnic groups that spoke many languages." Ronga, Most of the languages in South Africa that involve tongue-clicking originate from the indigenous Khoisan people, who included plenty of different clicks in their speech and language. For instance, they can be aspirated, nasalised and glottalised. #CapeTownEPrix Densely populated with uncommon consonants, Xhosa consists of the usual pulmonic egressive sounds (used in English), ejectives, 15 clicks and an implosive. Breathy-voiced consonants ), Gldemann, Tom and Edward D. Elderkin (forthcoming) '. The verb is modified by affixes to mark subject, object, tense, aspect and mood. Bonke abantu banesiphiwo sesazela nesizathu Tumbuka, The red letters are orthographic representations of the sounds. Clicks http://www.freelang.net/dictionary/xhosa.php The ceremonial slaughtering of animals is one of the many ways by which ancestors are invoked.
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