which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality?
She is very open about herself and shares her thoughts and opinions freely. Consider the following: In relation to men: While mental illnesses affect both men and women, the prevalence of mental illnesses in men is often lower than women. c. who believe in a higher being are the healthiest. A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: a. humanistic. Which model emphasizes the importance of conditioning in determining human actions? Which of the following is NOT an example of diathesis in the diathesis-stress explanation of. According to Freud, consciousness had three levels (consciousness, preconscious, and the unconscious), personality had three parts (the id, ego, and superego), personality developed over five stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital), there are ten defense mechanisms to protect the ego such as repression and sublimation, and finally three assessment techniques (free association, transference, and dream analysis) could be used to understand the personalities of his patients and expose repressed material. 73. First, the id is the impulsive part that expresses our sexual and aggressive instincts. This approach came to be called client-centered therapy. What treatments are available to clinicians courtesy of the biological model of psychopathology? If you recognize your worth as a person, Carl Rogers would say that you have developed: In the 1960s and 1970s, social upheaval and soul-searching in Western society gave rise to humanistic and existential therapies. 63. Elevated levels of this hormone can lead to several problems, including increased weight gain, interference with learning and memory, reduced bone density, high cholesterol, and an increased risk of depression. Infants tend to do things that feel good. In order to prevent anxiety in the future, it is common practice to expose someone to stressful situations. This criticism would be true of behaviorisms first two stages, though sociobehaviorism steered away from this proposition and even fought against any mechanistic leanings of behaviorists. d. self-help therapy. A psychologist believes that all dysfunctional behavior is due to past experiences, and that no symptom or behavior is accidental. d. latent content. Yvette's negative thought patterns are harmful to her well-being. b. secondary prevention. a. a persons moral compass b. the prefrontal cortex c. a persons libido d. ego defense mechanisms. You're likely receiving a message that encourages you to question your own interpretations and the accuracy of those interpretations. In time, the cause of the persons psychopathology is due to all these individual factors. Outline respondent conditioning and the work of Pavlov and Watson. a. very small; selectively b. large; selectively c. large; openly d. small; openly, 142. They might go through reuptake, which is the process of the presynaptic neuron taking up excess neurotransmitters in the synaptic space for future use or enzymatic degradation when enzymes destroy excess neurotransmitters in the synaptic space. She had another shirt with her and wanted to change right then and there. The neuron. Just because there is a relationship between culture and a particular disorder, it does not mean that culture causes the disorder. c. They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. c. consciousness, unconsciousness, and instincts. Someone who studies the _____ model of abnormality focuses on how values and choices affect behavior. Can our schemas lead us astray or be false? d. quaternary prevention. The biological model of psychology says that psychological disorders are caused by biological problems. Anti-anxiety medications such as benzodiazepines are effective in relieving anxiety and take effect more quickly than the antidepressant medications (or buspirone) often prescribed for anxiety. For example, to be diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder, you must present with three of eight symptoms for criteria A whereas for a major depressive episode as part of Bipolar II disorder, you have to display five (or more) symptoms for criteria A. 3. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the biological model of abnormal behavior? Individuals describe this feeling as an out-of-body experience where you are an observer of your thoughts, feelings, and physical being. I'm going to mess up and then it won't be a perfect run!" c. cognitive-behavioral therapy. c. neurotransmitters. Providing treatment as soon as it is needed so problems that are moderate or worse do not become long-term issues is called: a. primary prevention. She interprets this to mean that the hospital is a threatening place because it's filled with dangerous diseases. Psychopharmacology and psychotropic drugs. What is it? All of the models include an element of the biological model. d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. b. modeling. b. support the ideas of positive psychology. b. ego. A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? d. existential. a. losing the dog b. having the dream over and over c. feeling panicked in the dream d. feeling stress about her mothers illness. Freud used three primary assessment techniquesfree association, transference, and dream analysisas part ofpsychoanalysis, or psychoanalytic therapy, to understand the personalities of his patients and expose repressed material. If my mother or father consumes alcohol to feel better when things are tough, and it works, then I might do the same. In fact, in many college classrooms, this is exactly what the instructor does. The biopsychosocial model states that biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors are all equally significant ingredients in producing both normal and abnormal behavior.. 118. b. insight. c. Existentialists believe that research dehumanizes individuals by reducing them to test measures. This scenario demonstrates trial and error learning or making a response repeatedly if it leads to success. In Banduras experiment, children were first brought into a room to watch a video of an adult playing nicely or aggressively with a Bobo doll, which provided a model. These words have no affective connotation to them, meaning they do not imply good or bad. 151. Likewise, if our action leads to dissatisfaction, then we will not repeat the same behavior in the future. b. brain stimulation. b. In terms of the biological model, neurotransmitters, brain structures, hormones, genes, and viral . Thorndike also said that stimulus and responses were connected by the organism, and this led to learning. b. unconditional self-regard. A psychodynamic therapist would consider this an example of: A patient's initial reaction to being told she has a sexually transmitted infection (STI) is to insist that the nurse made a mistake with the test. Breuers wife, Mathilde, became jealous of her husbands relationship with the young girl, leading Breuer to terminate treatment in June of 1882 before Anna had fully recovered. What form of psychotherapy is ChaeWoo receiving? Also, long-term hospitalizations are less likely to occur as a result, though the medications do not benefit the individual in terms of improved living skills. 55. The response re-emerges. It consists of the brain and spinal cord. Their family and friends may disapprove of some of their actions but overall, respect and love them. Evaluating the behavioral model. b. modeling. b. laissez-faire parenting style. A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement? c. replace problematic behaviors with more appropriate ones. Outside of phobias, desensitization has been shown to be effective in the treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder symptoms (Hakimian and Souza, 2016) and limitedly with the treatment of depression when co-morbid with OCD (Masoumeh and Lancy, 2016). b. control biological factors by focusing on behavior. 89. Evaluating the cognitive model. They act as a glue and hold the neuron in place. a. Furthermore, some patients report feeling as though they lack speech or motor control, thus feeling at times like a robot. c. psychodynamic d. use conscious thought as a means to decrease physiological signs of anxiety. Its popularity has declined since the 1960s and 1970s. a. gestalt For more on these, visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-practice/201301/cognitive-restructuring. B) chemical imbalances and brain damage. An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: some people do not benefit from drug treatments. The events (response and consequence) are linked in time. Throughout this book, we will discuss several treatment strategies used to change unwanted, maladaptive cognitions, whether they are present as an excess such as with paranoia, suicidal ideation, or feelings of worthlessness; or as a deficit such as with self-confidence and self-efficacy. Greshka spilled iced coffee on her shirt while sitting in the park. c. operant conditioning. d. modifying the clients negative behavior and dysfunctional ways of thinking. What form do these consequences take? What is that factor? Your first semester of college, you have several midterms you need to study for. as part of their daily life and this can lead to disordered behavior (Lo & Cheng, 2014; Jones, Cross, & DeFour, 2007; Satcher, 2001), though some research suggests that ethnic identity can buffer against these stressors and protect mental health (Mossakowski, 2003). In fact, behaviorism said psychology was to be the study of observable behavior. Which is an example of a biological treatment for this condition? Communication in the nervous system. In this family, the children are also discouraged from asking for advice or seeking support. 93. When her friends or family criticize or express disapproval over something Johannah has done, she experiences a deep depression and self-abuse. However, one afternoon I was bitten on the foot by something in the water. The central nervous system (CNS) is the control center for the nervous system, which receives, processes, interprets, and stores incoming sensory information. Chances are you are already accepting the unknown in some areas of life and identifying these can help you to see why it is helpful in these areas, and how you can apply this in more difficult areas. In Module 2, we will discuss three models of abnormal behavior to include the biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. 83. In respondent conditioning, learning happens in three phases: preconditioning, conditioning, and postconditioning. Those who sit in the back of the room are underachievers who dont care. 2.3.3.3. 149. b. it is unclear whether problematic behaviors and cognitions are the cause of psychological difficulties or the result. c. manifest content. They can be identified, treated, and monitored by observing and identifying physiological signs. Food, water, temperature, and sex, for instance, are primary reinforcers, while extreme cold or hot or a punch on the arm are inherently punishing. b. cultural deprivation that is characteristic of some groups. c. irrational patterns of thinking. Watson and Rayner (1920) conducted one of the most famous studies in psychology. The cognitive model focuses on schemas, cognitive errors, attributions, and maladaptive cognitions and offers strategies such as CBT, cognitive restructuring, cognitive coping skills training, and acceptance. Armed with this stunning revelation, Pavlov spent the rest of his career investigating the learning phenomenon. This single factor explanation is called a uni-dimensional model. In terms of the latter, cognitive behavior modification procedures arose after the 1960s and with the rise of cognitive psychology. Western society was in turmoil in the 1960s and 1970s, which led to the rise of humanistic and existential therapies. d. show unconditional positive regard for the clients statements. d. displacement. b. a biological predisposition is the primary factor leading to abnormality. Another respondent conditioning way to unlearn a fear is called flooding or exposing the person to the maximum level of stimulus and as nothing aversive occurs, the link between CS and UCS producing the CR of fear should break, leaving the person unafraid. Other examples of secondary reinforcers include praise, a smile, getting money for working or earning good grades, stickers on a board, points, getting to go out dancing, and getting out of an exam if you are doing well in a class. b. axons. d. classical conditioning. A self-help group differs from group therapy in that the self-help group: A primary prevention approach is expected to be MOST beneficial for mental health issues with: Which phrase would one be MOST likely to hear in a self-help group?
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