initiative referendum and recall are examples of quizlet
Submission deadline of signatures: Six months before the general election (ILCS Const. 5, 1). 32-1407), Submission deadline of signatures: Four months prior to the general election (Neb. Timeline for taking effect: On and after the 30th day after it the initiative was approved by voters unless otherwise specified (RCWA Const. Art. 1. If the legislature rejects the measure, the legislature may propose an alternative measure (with the approval of the governor), and it will appear on the ballot along with the original initiative. A groups name must include the title or common name of the measure if the group intends to direct more than 50% of its contributions or expenditures toward a single measure. Petition title and summary creation: Secretary of state provides serial number, and attorney general writes a title posed as a question and summary (Miss. V, 1(4)(a)). A petition may only be rejected if two different sampling processes determine it does not have sufficient signatures. 2, 1), Ballot title and summary: Attorney general (RCWA 29A.72.050), Time period restrictions before placed on the ballot: No additional statute. Repeal or change restrictions: May repeal or alter a statute at any time. II, 1g; O.R.C. Must include the language "a committee for/against Proposition __" in any reference to the committee required by law (Govt. II, 1b). . 100.371). Art. M.G.L.A. The following is not a legal, comprehensive list of every campaign finance law governing the initiative process in each state, but rather provides a starting guide of where to find relevant statutes: Nine states have an explicit process for withdrawal of an initiative from circulation: Proponents may any time before measure qualifies for the ballot, 131 days before the general statewide election. Code 82013). Application process information: Must file complete measure with the Legislative Research Council. Under the obligatory type, a statute or constitution requires that certain classes of legislative action be referred to a popular vote for approval or rejection. Petition title and summary creation: Attorney general (Elec. Ballot title and summary: Secretary of state drafts title (21-A MRS 905-A and 906). Repeat measures: For three years, measures can only be proposed again by signatures totaling 25 % of total votes cast for governor last election, and special rule for competing measures (OK Const. II, 1(d) and RCW 29A.72.030 and .160). Art. VI, Subpt. Ballot title and summary: Proponents submit a suggested popular name, to be approved or disapproved by the secretary of state (NMSA 1-17-9). General election, and filed at least six months before the election with the secretary of state. Majority to pass: Yes (M.C.L.A. Law 6-201). Vote requirement for passage: Majority, but no such law shall be held to be disapproved if the negative vote is less than thirty per cent of the total number of ballots cast at such state election (Const. . 5, 1; A.C.A. Art. Which election: The secretary of the commonwealth shall submit such law to the people at the next state election (Const. XLVII, Pt. It may be placed on a ballot and legislature has the right to place an opposing proposal on the ballot if they choose that they Summary of initiative, referendum and recall processes. On May 18, 1981, Italians resoundingly defeated a proposal to repeal a controversial 1978 abortion law, although the Catholic church had strenuously urged repeal. III, 5). (NDCC Const. Const. Const. Successful ballot initiatives can create, change or repeal state and local laws . Art. IV, 1 and NMSA 1-17-1). Art. Laws providing for tax levies; appropriations for the current expenses of the state government and state institutions; and emergency laws necessary for the immediate preservation of the public peace, health or safety. For collection, if the petitions were filed at least 165 days before the election and the signatures are deemed insufficient, they may collect more, and deadline of four months prior to the general election. St. 32-1408). Proponent financial disclosure requirements: Reports of expenditures and contributions received are required quarterly in non-election years and monthly, March through November, in election years. Art. Code Ann. One year for collection and must address written petition to the legislature. 293.1276 to 293.1279). Petition title and summary creation: Lieutenant governor (Const. Circulator oaths or affidavits: Yes, and notarized (A.R.S. Paid per signature: Cannot be paid based on the number of signatures collected, but can be paid in general as long as disclosing with the secretary of state prior to collecting signatures (NDCC, 16.1-01-12; Initiative and Referendum Institute v. Jaeger, 2001). Art. Const. The circulator must also register with the secretary of state and complete a training program specified by the secretary (OR Rev. Art. Const. Rev. Submission deadline of signatures: For direct constitutional amendments, a timeline beginning on Sept. 1 before the general election it is to be voted upon and ends on the third Tuesday of June of an even-numbered year. Only 20 signatures allowed per sheet and each sheet is from one county. Art. II, 1g and ORC 3519.16(F)). Code 84200.8). Oklahoma: If neither receives a majority, the one receiving more votes will be resubmitted to the next general election by itself if it received at least one-third of the total votes cast for or against the two measures. 21). Sometimes initiatives are first submitted to a legislature. Const. Art. Vote requirement for passage: Majority (Utah Code 20A-7-209). Number of signatures required: 2% of the entire vote cast for governor at the preceding biennial state election (Const. General review of petition: For accuracy and fairness, the attorney general may rewrite arguments for or against prepared by legislature (5 ILCS 20/2). The Referendum is where the state legislators can deal with a problem by putting it on the ballot and letting the people vote it. 250.048). Unlimited, but if number of filed signatures is deemed insufficient, sponsors have 30 days to collect more. Const. Art. Art. XI, 6 and AS 15.45.440). 295.300), Number of signatures required: Ten % of the votes cast in last general election (N.R.S. Public review or notice: The attorney general shall provide a 10-day public comment period after the release of draft title and explanation and revise accordingly after the comment period closes. Rule 2.79; Oklahoma Ethics Commission's Guide for Political Action Committees). Const. question. III, 3); next general election after the petition is regularly and legally filed with the secretary of state (NRS 32-1411). Who can sign the petition: Legal voters, 18 years old, resident (U.C.A. 48, Pt. Through these processes, voters can adopt a change in law (an initiative), disapprove a law passed by the Legislature (a referendum), or remove an elected official from office (a recall). If the total signatures meet 90-100% of the requirement, the county clerk(s) check all of the signatures until 100% is reached. Geographic distribution: Not more than one-fourth the of signatures shall be from one county (Const. Then they deliver the verified packets to the lieutenant governor. Code 107, 18680. 2, Oregon: O.R.S. Art. Timeline for collecting signatures: Ninety days from the date marking the beginning circulation, as set by the secretary of state after public posting and chance for protest (34 Okl.St.Ann. 3501.38; 3519.05). 54, 22A). Art. Art. Repeal or change restrictions: None (Const. A committee formed to support or oppose a ballot measure must register by filing a statement of organization with the Ethics Commission when its contributions or expenditures exceed $1,000. Mary is concerned with the education that her child is getting and wants the school day extended in her district. But if insufficient funds for the measure, it is effective 45 days after the next convening regular legislative session. 4, 1, Pt. Does the law in question take effect before the referendum vote: Does not go into effect unless approved by voters (Const. Legislature or other government official review: Nonpartisan staff of general assembly prepare summary, analysis and fiscal review (C.R.S.A. Geographic distribution: Yes. 11 906(6)(B)). Proponents write title (M.G.L.A. 53 7). II, 1c). Art. 53 22A and M.G.L.A. Art. 12, 2). Submission deadline for signatures: Not more than 90 days after the final adjournment of the session of the general assembly that passed the bill on which the referendum is demanded (Colo. Const. 54 53). Under the constitution, an act takes effect 90 days after it is enacted. XVI, 4 and Elec. Other subject restrictions: Must contain only subjects that are related or mutually dependent. Application process information: Submit draft and affidavit to attorney general with fee of $2,000, refunded when measure qualifies for the ballot within two years. 3, 52(g) and Wyo. Art. A simple statement of the gist of the proposition is printed at the top of each signature page (34 OS 3). 15, 273; Miss. Proponent financial disclosure requirements: Include but may not be limited to groups supporting or opposing ballot measures are treated as political committees, no statute found limiting contributions to ballot measure political committees, designation of a treasurer, filing statements of organization, and follow account and reporting requirements (O.R.S. a vote on a measure so submitted. 24, 1), Utah (U.C.A. Does the law in question take effect before the referendum vote: Not specified. II, 1(d)). No filing fee is specified (Mo.Rev.Stat. 116.120). Geographic entities based on U.S. House districts, which are required to be highly equal in population, have been ruled to be constitutional (for example, see Nevada). Art. 3, 18), Collected in-person: Yes (M.R.S.A. Tit. Art. 2023 by National Conference of State Legislatures, https://www.nvsos.gov/sos/elections/initiatives-referenda/filing-a-referendum, 13 Years of Impact: The Long Reach of Citizens United, With Recent Special Elections, the Tables Are Set for Spring. Art. (Elec. Art. Code 102). 3501.38; 3519.05, Oklahoma: OK Const. Art. Most of these bans have been overturned by the courts. 3, 19). 116.320). Code 104). Ohio: Reviewed by attorney general and Ohio ballot board, which also writes pro or con statements if not supplied. Application process information: Submit draft of proposed initiative to legislative council and office of legislative legal services for review and comment. Const. Art. Original geographical requirement found unconstitutional. Number of signatures required: 5% of total votes cast for all candidates for secretary of state at the last general election (Const. All 24 citizen initiative states require political organizations supporting or opposing a ballot measurealmost always considered political action committeesto follow state campaign finance laws. Registration is required before making an expenditure for or against a ballot measure. (Const. In all other cases, an act that is subject to the referendum remains in effect until it is rejected at an election (MCA 13-27-105(3)). Verification: The secretary of state may use any statistical sampling techniques for this verification and canvass which have been adopted by rule as provided by chapter 34.05 RCW (RCWA 29A.72.230). Does the law in question take effect before the referendum vote: Any measure referred to the people by referendum petition shall remain in abeyance until such vote is taken; the filing of a referendum petition against one or more items, sections or parts of any act shall not delay the remainder from becoming operative. In order to receive contributions or make expenditures in excess of $1,500 in a calendar year, groups must form a committee for political action and register with the secretary of state. Application process information: A prospective petition must be filed with the secretary of state. 1(9) and A.R.S. Fiscal review: The legislative council determines the estimated fiscal impact at least 90 days before the measure is to be voted on. A recall allows people to remove public officials from office, while referendum voting and initiatives allow citizens to propose, approve, or veto specific legislation. Rev. Steps for an Initiative to become Law Write the text of the proposed law (initiative draft). Where to file: Secretary of state (21-A MRS 901). Art. Statewide election or a special election called by the governor, Next regular or general election that occurs 125 days after filing, Const. Nine states (Arkansas, California, Missouri, Montana, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Utah and Washington) also allow referenda on special election ballots. 19, 2). 11 5). St. 32-1410), Time period restrictions before placed on the ballot: Four months prior to the general election (Neb. 2, 3; Amend. Where to file with: Legislative council and office of legislative legal services first, and then the secretary of state (C.R.S.A. Art. Art. St. 32-1414). Legislature or other government official review: Attorney general prepares explanatory statements. If any pair do not match, the rest of the signatures on that page must be verified via this comparison (MCA 13-27-303; 13-27-304). 100.371). If attorney general does not approve the statement, he or she prepares one. 15, 273), Who can sign the petition: Qualified electors (MS Const. Art. Repeal or change restrictions: None (Const. Seventeen states have at least one government official draft or review the petition title and/or summary, while proponents draft this language in nine states. 168.471; 168.472. Petitions must be submitted by 5 p.m. on or before the 90th day after the recess of the legislature, or if the 90th day is a weekend or holiday, by 5 p.m. on the preceding day that is not a weekend or holiday. Where to file: Secretary of state (Const. Legislature reviews the indirect statutory initiatives. 3, 51; V.A.M.S. V, 3; 34 Okl.St.Ann. Two-thirds vote (or majority after seven years). 14, 3), Types allowed: Indirect citizen initiative for statutes and popular referendum. Art. Art. States include a range of requirements for petition format and contents including legal warnings, serial numbers provided by officials, notarization, date of the election the measure is to be voted upon, the measures full text, summary, the district or county where the signature was gathered, if the circulator is paid, fiscal analysis, affidavit of circulator, circulator information, rights of the potential signer, names of proponents or proponent organization and deadline for signatures. 14, 3 and 10 ILCS 5/28-9), Collected in-person: Yes (10 ILCS 5/28-3), Withdrawal process of individual signature: By written request before submission of the petition to state board of elections or an officer with whom filing of the petition is required (10 ILCS 5/28-3). But you explicitly may pay based on hourly wage or salary, express or implied minimum signature requirements for the circulator to meet, terminate someone's employment if they do not meet "certain productivity requirements," and pay discretionary bonuses based on reliability, longevity, and productivity (SDCL 12-13-28). Withdrawal of petition: None, the withdrawal process specified in statute applies only to initiative petitions (CRS 1-40-134). 2, Sec. Art. 250.045; 250.052). 23-17-21). N.R.S. 19-121), Ballot title and summary: Secretary of state, approved by attorney general (A.R.S. Who creates petitions: Lieutenant governor (Const. Recall is the power to remove an elected . Const. Art. In all states, a qualified popular referendum may be placed on the ballot in a statewide general election. Art. Art. 30 seconds. Circulator oaths or affidavit required: Yes (ORS 250.045(10)). Art. Timeline for taking effect: Takes effect on the 5th day after the secretary of state files the statement of the vote (Const. XVI, 1), Timeline for taking effect: Thirty days after the election (Ohio Const. Rev. Colorado. Vote requirement for passage: Majority and not less than 35% of the total vote cast at the election (Const. Art. Collected in-person: Yes; petition includes language verifying that each person has "personally signed" (RCW 29A.72.130). If passed by legislature, it is subject to the referendum (M.C.L.A. 2, 9; Const. 14, 3, 10 ILCS 5/28-2), Who creates petitions: Proponents, no statute (see 10 ILCS 5/16-6; 5 ILCS 20/2). In the politics of the United States, the process of initiatives and referendums allow citizens of many U.S. states to place new legislation, or to place legislation that has recently been passed by a legislature on a ballot for a popular vote.Initiatives and referendums, along with recall elections and popular primary elections, are signature reforms of the Progressive Era; they are written . Law 6-204). VI, Subpt. Rule 2.36; Okl.St.Ann. 21 1). 7-9-106). 5, 1). 3, 50), Other subject restrictions: No appropriations or other new revenues not provided for in the measure (V.A.M.S. Art. If fiscal in nature, the attorney general orders the budget director to prepare. During the 14 days before the election, reports of any communication exceeding $5,000 in the aggregate are due within one business day. A post-election report is due by Jan. 7. Most states also include requirements for verifying the authenticity of signatures. Colorado and Florida require a supermajority to pass a constitutional amendment: 55 percent of voters in Colorado (C.R.S.A. 295.0575). Stat. Repeal or change restrictions: No statute. 3; Const. Art. Where to file: Secretary of state (Const. What is on each petition: Petition includes original title of the act to be referred and a statement by signers. Const. Then the clerks verify the signatures; with a random sample of at least 500 or 5 % of the petition district's signatures. Proponent financial disclosure requirements: Include but are not limited to contribution limits and reports (F.S.A. Each page must contain the full text of the measure or an accurate summary approved by the attorney general (Const. The legislature has four months to pass the bill in amended or unchanged form. Sponsor, approved by secretary of state, reviewed by attorney general, 10 ILCS 5/28-5; 10 ILCS 5/16-6; 5 ILCS 20/2. Const. Art. 3, 18 and 21-A M.R.S.A. Subject restrictions: May not be used for laws necessary for the immediate preservation of the public peace, health or safety, and laws making appropriations for the current expenses of the state government, for the maintenance of state institutions and for the support of public schools (Const. Proponent organization and requirements: In addition to the application, petition must include the names, residence addresses, email addresses, telephone numbers and signatures of five voters who are designated to receive notices (21-A MRS 901). 116.332, Const. Florida: Attorney general can request advisory opinion on the constitutionality of a measure from the state supreme court. Stat. The attorney general may approve the title or revise as necessary to comply with the law (34 OS 8(H) and 9). Sample petition prepared by secretary of state must include the text of the measure, a statement of purpose and implication, and yes-no statements, as prepared by the petitioner (MCA 13-27-202 and -205). Vote requirement for passage: Majority (Const. Petition sponsors may not gather signatures without first forming a ballot issue committee. Where to file: Attorney general, then petition goes to secretary of state (Cal.Elec.Code 9001, 9004; Cal.Const. Attorney general then submits petition to the secretary of state which begins the deadline clock (Cal.Elec.Code 336, 9001, 9002, 9004). Majority to pass: Yes, except two-thirds majority is need in the case of laws changing rules regarding the taking of (U.C.A. VI, Subpt. Art. Next general election at least 31 days after the measure qualifies or at a special statewide election held prior to that general election; the governor may call a special statewide election for the measure. Who creates petitions: Sponsors (RCW 29A.72.100). Petition title and summary creation: No separate title, and a simple "statement of the gist" of the measure is included on the petition (34 Okl.St.Ann. Verification: The secretary of state may use any statistical sampling techniques for this verification and canvass which have been adopted by rule as provided by chapter34.05RCW. Ban struck down by courts (RCWA 29A.84.280; LIMIT v. Maleng, 1994). 67-6602, 67-6607). Art. Art. II, 1g; Art. If amended, expired or rejected, it goes onto the ballot. 1953 20A-7-203). Const. 48, Init., Pt. Which election is a measure on: Regular election unless otherwise ordered by Legislative Assembly (OR CONST Art. II, 1(b) and RCW 29A.72.150). 3, 52(f)). Must file monthly financial reports with the Ethics Commission. Rev. Prepared by state auditor, and proponents may submit proposed review. If 110 % or more, the petition passes. Art. Proponents of an initiative, referendum, or recall effort must apply for an official petition serial number from the Town Clerk. A full copy of the measure must be attached. Circulator requirements: Legal voter (RCWA 29A.72.120). 15, 273; Miss. Art. Types Allowed: Indirect initiative for statutes, and popular referendum. V, 1(6) and CRS 1-40-111(2)). 4 1, Part 1(6B), (6C) and (6D). Proponent organization and requirements: Original filing must include the names, addresses and signatures of at least 25 electors as sponsors (Const. Subject restrictions: The following language applies to initiatives and may apply to referenda, This Article does not permit the proposal of any statute or statutory amendment which makes an appropriation or otherwise requires the expenditure of money, unless such statute or amendment also imposes a sufficient tax, not prohibited by the Constitution, or otherwise constitutionally provides for raising the necessary revenue" (Const. Repeal or change restrictions: None (Const. Any contribution of $500 or more in the last 13 days before an election is to be reported within 24 hours. General review of petition: Proponents may request review by secretary of state (Cal.Gov.Code 12172). Every state also includes requirements as to how the authenticity of signatures are verified, and constitutional amendments often require more signatures than statutory changes. These serve as the ballot title. Who can sign the petition: Qualified electors of the state (34 OS 23). Art. Reports of contributions and expenditures must be filed no later than the eight day before the election, the 30th day after an election and the 15th day following the close of each calendar quarter. Take a minute to check out all the enhancements! Art. Allowed to pay another for their signature: Prohibited (Utah Code 20A-7-312(3)). Which election is a measure on: Next general election or a special election if ordered by the legislature (RCWA Const. South Dakota has a unique statute regarding pay: may pay based on hourly wage or salary, express or implied minimum signature requirements for the circulator to meet, may terminate someone's employment if they do not meet "certain productivity requirements," and may pay discretionary bonuses based on reliability, longevity, and productivity. (SDCL 12-13-28). Wyoming: in excess of 50% (Const. 3, 4; Art. 6, 1), Repeat measures: Two years (U.C.A. It is referred to the attorney general for approval (Mo.Rev.Stat. XVI, 3(b)). Verification: Each signature is physically counted (34 OS 6.1). 116.334). Const. Art. Between 90 and 110 %, every signature is verified (C.R.S.A. Time period restrictions before placed on the ballot: There must be at least 31 days after the measure qualifies before the election (Const. May only be attempted once every three years. For direct initiatives, signatures must be submitted by Feb. 15 immediately before the next general election. Application process information: The sponsor must file a printed petition part with the secretary of state in the exact form that will be used for signature gathering (A.C.A. The legislature may submit a competing measure to the ballot (M.G.L.A. 19, 2), Who can sign the petition: Registered voters (N.R.S. 54 53. 1953 20A-7-202). 295.012; 293.069; 304.060; 304.120; Angle v. Miller, 2010, 722 F.Supp.2d 1206). Const. Const. Ballot title and summary: Attorney general drafts ballot title and prepares a statement to be printed in italics immediately preceding the ballot title on the official ballot. 250.045). 12, 2. Circulator oaths or affidavits: Sponsor signs affidavit, and circulators sign oath (RCWA 29A.72.010; 29A.72.120). Where to file: Lieutenant governor (Utah Code 20A-7-302). Repeal or change restrictions: Normal amendment referendum required. C.R.S.A. Art. VI, Subpt. Const. 4, Pt. 168.474a; 168.486; 168.477; 168.3, V.A.M.S. Application process information: Sponsors draft petition and file with secretary of state (34 OS 1). Otherwise, they may submit an alternative measure. 295.015). Const. Ballot title and summary: Secretary of state in consultation with the attorney general, but the full text of the measure is included if it is not too long (NDCC, 16.1-06-09). 34-1804, 34-1809). 3, 17). Must have full text of the measure and names and addresses of the sponsors (NDCC Const. VI, Subpt. Art. Art. Code 9001). Regular election unless otherwise ordered by Legislative Assembly, and restrictions of four months prior to the general election. Amend. 19-125), Time period restrictions before placed on the ballot: No statute, Conflicting measures: The measure that receives the greatest number of affirmative votes (A.R.S. Who creates petitions: Secretary of state (Wyo. Art. 3, 50; V.A.M.S. Repeal or change restrictions: No veto from governor, and legislature may pass statutes normally (V.A.M.S. 3, 6). Art. 5, 3; 34 Okl.St.Ann. The Law of Direct Democracy Carolina Academic Press. 54 42A, 53; M.G.L.A. Other subject restrictions: If there are insufficient state funds and the measure does not provide a source, it is effective 45 days after next regular legislative session (M.R.S.A. 5, 6; 34 Okl.St.Ann. Signature gathering begins on a date specified by the secretary of state and cannot be less than 15 or more than 30 days from the date when all appeals and rehearings have been resolved or have expired. Art. Pre-election statements must be filed 40 and 12 days before the election (Govt. States may limit the subject matter of ballot measures. V, 2). Number of signatures required: 4% of the votes cast for all candidates for governor at the last election (Const. Timeline for taking effect: Within at least 30 days (I.C. 1. Art. 32-1411. 19-112; 19-121.01). Art. Const. 5, 1). In 2021, Idaho passed SB 1110, which would have required signatures from 6% of the qualified electors at the time of the last general election in all 35 legislative districts, but in August 2021, the Idaho Supreme Court blocked implementation of that law. Nebraska Const. Art. States vary in the way popular referendum questions are posed. States with geographic requirements that use entities that are unequal in population, such as counties or even state legislative districts, are more likely to have the requirement challenged in court. 2, 3; M.G.L.A. 168.471 and M.C.L.A. 2, 2; see also M.G.L.A. 3, 17(3)). d. a start-up e. an employer f. a consumer In suburbia p. 193 The giant of Africa p. 192 1. a. is making b. General assembly members opposing the amendment may prepare or designate others to prepare a brief argument against such amendment, submitted to attorney general (5 ILCS 20/2). Const. 295.009). Submission deadline for signatures: Not more than 60 days after the final adjournment of the session of the state legislature which passed on the bill on which the referendum is demanded (IC 34-1803). II, 9(b) and Elec. Must be a true and impartial statement of the purpose of the measure (MCL 168.482b and 168.22e). Withdrawal of petition: Proponents may do so any time before measure qualifies for the ballot, 131 days before the general statewide election (Cal.Elec.Code 9033, 9604). Art. 19, 3). Number of signatures required: 2% of the residential population according to the last federal decennial census (Const. Art. Proponents may withdraw a measure at any time before filing the petition. May be withdrawn by any of the people authorized to do so in the original application; withdrawal is made via a form prescribed by the secretary of state. Initiative, referendum, and recall are three powers reserved to enable the voters, by petition, to propose or repeal legislation or to remove an elected official from office. II, 1c). Rev. Application process information: State Board of Elections is empowered to adopt regulations specifying procedures for filing and circulating petitions (Elec. Legislature or other government official review: Attorney general and Supreme Court are part of the signature verification process and the ability of the public to protest as to the constitutionality of the measure. Art. Const. Proponent organization and requirements: Must also file statement of organization (SDCL 12-27-6). What is on each petition: Petitions substantially follow the form found in U.C.A. 250.062). If the people are dissatisfied with and want to change the actions of government, or if the government wants to get public approval for a given policy, these three devices are available. 1-40-108). Proponent organization and requirements: A group of no more than three people is designated to be the chief proponents at the time of original filing (34 OS 1). The next statewide election unless the legislature or governor convenes a special election for it or the governor designates a vote at the primary election. Number of signatures required: For statutory initiatives, 2 % of the residential population according the last federal decennial census. 5 , 1; A.C.A. Art. In every state, petitions must follow guidelines, which vary by state. Californians adopted the initiative process on October 10, 1911, becoming the tenth state to adopt this form of direct democracy.
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