pros and cons of descriptive representation
The symbolic representation of gender: A discursive approach. What is procedural justice-criteria used by citizens to assess the fairness of legal procedures. Barnes, T. D. & Burchard, S. M. (2012). The party which receives the most votes in a proportional representation structure will work with other parties to form a full majority. In contexts of group mistrust and uncrystallized interests, the better communication and experiential knowledge of descriptive representatives enhances their substantive representation of the group's interests by improving the quality of deliberation. One of the major challenges in providing quality representation comes from the desire to balance the will of the majority with the needs of political minorities. The Women and Public Policy Program and the Harvard Kennedy School are located on the ancestral, traditional, and contemporary unceded homeland of the Massachusett people, the surviving descendants of the first people of Massachusetts and of the Neponset band of the Massachusett. A current officeholder. Since its origins in 1890 as one of the three main divisions of the University of Chicago, The University of Chicago Press has embraced as its mission the obligation to disseminate scholarship of the highest standard and to publish serious works that promote education, foster public understanding, and enrich cultural life. The collection of data is quick and easy to conduct, especially when doing surveys. Minority representation, empowerment, and participation. Gay, C. (2002). The aim is to show that the moral . It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. In a proportional representation system, if the party wins 50% of the vote over 12 districts, then 6 seats would be awarded to them from the election results. Errors and Mistakes: Since graphical representations are complex, there is- each and every chance of errors and mistakes.This causes problems for a better understanding of general people. Journal of Politics, 66(2), 534556. It can help researchers understand the current state of affairs and provide a foundation for further research. It is discussed in this paper as a means to enhance the declining legitimacy of Dutch works councils as important sites of democratic decisionmaking in their own right. Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive research. Gomez( 2006)argues naturalistic observations of primates show that how certain objects is intrinsic part of primate lives, from simple food collecting process as taking certain organic fruits. The political representation of blacks in Congress: Does race matter? Patterns and correlations are clear and visible: Statistical data is data that has already been analyzed and therefore the patterns and correlations have already been done and are clear and visible. In most cases, it is simply impossible to measure the entire population to understand its properties. That prevents incumbents from staying in office, even if 60% of the population has voted against them. Weissberg, R. (1978). Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive research. The SPAE is a national survey that is used to gauge the quality of the election experience. To investigate this, we also ran an identical treatment on an MTurk sample that allowed us to identify subjects zip codes. Successfully determining who wins and loses in an election involves aseries of systemsthat, while operating simultaneously, function independent of each other. In addition to elected officials, descriptive representation can contribute to how legitimate citizens view the actions of bureaucrats (when black citizens are stopped by black police officers, they are more likely to perceive their actions aslegitimate) and encourage involvement in government (when there are more blacks in public institutions, the likelihood ofinvolvement by blacks increases). Descriptive representation, on the other hand, is generally seen as independent of policy actions. Lack of Secrecy: Graphical representation makes the full presentation of information that may hamper the objective to keep something secret.. 5. In some instances, it may not even be a true majority if a third-party candidate performs well in a specific election. Buhrmester, M., Kwang, T., & Gosling, S. D. (2011). nebraska softball roster; jacksonville, fl hurricane risk; This type of research is very useful when conducting studies, for example, when you want to know which brand of soda is most consumed in a supermarket, where you only want to know which is the most consumed, and not why it is the most consumed. This may help you better understand research findings, whether reported in the mainstream media, or when reading a research study on your own. Congresswomen and symbolic representation. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. Like all different types of research, descriptive research has both advantages and disadvantages. This form of research provides insight on human nature, we are able to understand basic psychological processes from this. One area of the voting experience that has received little attention isdescriptive representation. New York: Free Press. Under the system of proportional representation, seats are not awarded based on community or district voting. June 9, 2022 Posted by is bristol, ct a good place to live; There were 23 respondents who self-identified as Mixed Race, but they were not required to identify what combination of races they identify as. For more information, please visit our GAP Land Acknowledgement resource page. The alternative is to gather a random sample and then use the methodologies of inferential statistics to analyze the . Researchers surely appreciate the ease of which they are able to problem solve, collect data and share the results of their, Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development. The three most common descriptive statistics can be displayed graphically or pictorially and are measures of: Graphical/Pictorial Methods Measures of Central Tendency Given this, confidence in the accuracy of elections and the outcomes that they produce requires that voters trust not only their local processes and procedures, but also those across their state and the nation. 7. Dawson, M. C. (1995). By Colin Jones, Robert M. Stein, Lonna Atkeson, M.V. For notable exceptions, see Tate (2003) and Casellas and Wallace 2015). So it can be said that fundamentally numerical values are obtained. Many factors can facilitate or diminish confidence. They have no way of having that vote be represented. In each case, we find that in a given Congress, legislators are around 6-9 percentage points more likely to contact federal agencies on behalf of constituents with whom they share background char-acteristics, when compared to their nonveteran, male, or white . The data from a descriptive research project can be collected from one person or a small group of people. Casellas, J. P., & Wallace, S. J. Proportional representation removes this obstacle, allowing real issues to be debated instead of trying to woo swing voters that could provide a simple majority vote. It enables both the collection of quantitative data and qualitative data. That creates a system of government that tends to be indecisive and weak because everyone argues for their own best interests. But the truth about that quote is that it actually arose from Henry Kett's 1814 collection of proverbs and Bon Mots called . Thu., Mar. Advantages: unbiased distribution of confounders; blinding more likely; randomisation facilitates statistical analysis. When Descriptive Research is the Right Choice In addition, it obtains information on the phenomenon or situation to be studied, using techniques such as observation and survey, among others. During elections, millions of citizens vote in person either before or on Election Day. 4. Descriptive researchis atype of researchthat is responsible for describing the population situation or phenomenon around which his study focuses. It is more difficult to have extremism in government when proportional representation is in place as a full majority is more difficult to achieve. The Gender and Conflict initiative unites faculty, students, and researchers at Harvard Kennedy School and beyond to study gender in non-violent and violent social movements and the social and institutional factors influencing the prevalence of gender-based violence. Proportional representation, sometimes called simply PR, is defined as an electoral system in which parties gain seats in proportion to the number of votes cast for them.. A. There are many benefits of including minorities of power in decision-making so-called descriptive representation. suggest descriptive representation leads to substantive representation in Congress. It conforms to what the rest of the world is doing. The tyranny of the majority: Fundamental fairness in representative democracy. ups order supplies unavailable; beaver creek club colorado. As I write, descriptive representation by gender improves substantive outcomes for women in every polity for which we have a measure. It is widely used in Europe and has both advantages and disadvantages. Today, the Journals Division publishes more than 70 journals and hardcover serials, in a wide range of academic disciplines, including the social sciences, the humanities, education, the biological and medical sciences, and the physical sciences. Like all different types of research, descriptive research has both advantages and disadvantages. 3. WAPPP has compiled resources from across Harvard University on what the historic ruling means for reproductive rights and other protected civil liberties. pros and cons of descriptive representation. 17 Pivotal Hydroelectricity Pros and Cons, 18 Major Advantages and Disadvantages of the Payback Period, 20 Advantages and Disadvantages of Leasing a Car, 19 Advantages and Disadvantages of Debt Financing, 24 Key Advantages and Disadvantages of a C Corporation, 16 Biggest Advantages and Disadvantages of Mediation, 18 Advantages and Disadvantages of a Gated Community, 17 Big Advantages and Disadvantages of Focus Groups, 17 Key Advantages and Disadvantages of Corporate Bonds, 19 Major Advantages and Disadvantages of Annuities, 17 Biggest Advantages and Disadvantages of Advertising. While 4612. Representing Yourself in Court. The gender gap in Latin America: Contextual and individual influences on gender and political participation. The Gender and Politics initiative aims to advance research on representative democracy and equitable participation in governments across the globe. Constituency, party, and representation in Congress. That means those who serve in the government are less likely to focus on local issues as they have no local representation responsibilities. Different from an absolute majority, a full majority brings more voices into each debate, allowing for a diversity of opinions to be heard. 4. Given the important role that poll workers play as the street level bureaucrats that voters encounter and the role that descriptive representation can play in legitimizing government, it stands to reason that for minority voters, interacting with a poll worker of similar racial identity will increase confidence in elections. Gendering municipal government: Female descriptive representation and feelings of political trust. Limits of Descriptive Representation. Constructing successful ways to reach goals necessary to make something as small as possible in the event of medication errors and patient safety. Political Research Quarterly, 63(4), 890907. Race and turnout: Does descriptive representation in state legislatures increase minority voting? There may even be safe states in U.S. presidential elections since most states award all electoral votes to the majority candidate. what does silent notifications mean; why is there a shortage of paper towels again? Talking about politics: Gender and contextual effects on political proselytizing. the six voting members of the House being women. The substantive results are unchanged when we run the analyses on each dependent variable separately. RSVP required: https://t.co/WHADcFVR4h, RT @HarvardIOP: JUST ANNOUNCED: Join @AbigailDisney, @KathyHughesFilm, @RebeccaReCap, Artemis Bell, and @SharBlock next Tuesday as they dis. It reduces the effects of extremism in politics. In addition, it is possible to present a hypothesis and to expand the degree of knowledge about the event under investigation. Stealth democracy: Americans beliefs about how government should work. As long as a party receives enough of a proportional vote to equal one seat, they will be represented within the government at some level. S congress has been recognized for being the most ethnically and racially, The Congress has a fair representation of minorities including Hispanic, Asians, Native Americans and blacks accounting for 22 percent of the total representation(Geiger, has been an increase in representation in comparison to how previous Congress was, Congress, minorities constituted 1 percent of the House. Indiana University, 210 Woodburn Hall, 1100 East Seventh Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA, University of California, Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA, 95343, USA, You can also search for this author in U. For example, those living in diverse communities might find 5 black representatives too low, whereas those living in homogeneous white communities might find 5 black representatives too high. descriptive representation pros and cons proceedings of the international conference on learning representations. descriptive representation pros and consupgrading kramer baretta specialupgrading kramer baretta special The downsides of using descriptive research include that it is limiting, cannot identify cause and effect, and may be biased. Representing black interests and promoting black culture: The importance of African American descriptive representation in the US House. Ulbig, S. G. (2007). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Data from the 2016Survey of the Performance of American Elections(SPAE) was used to evaluate the relationship between descriptive representation and confidence. The results of the analysis suggest that black voters whose primary interaction on Election Day is with a black poll worker express greater confidence that their ballot, ballots across their local jurisdiction, and ballots across their state are counted accurately. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Are Russian troops using sexual violence as a weapon? Over the last 4 decades, the government has been forced to dissolve its parliament 8 times. The collection of research focuses on experimental approachesboth in the field and in the laboratoryand draws from multiple disciplines, including economics, psychology, and organizational behavior. The American Political Science Review, 57(1), 4556. The authors would like to thank Bill Bianco, Eileen Braman, Christopher DeSante, Bernard Fraga, Brian Gaines, Jim Kuklinski, Jeff Mondak, Diana Z. OBrien, and Cara Wong for guidance and feedback on earlier drafts. The formal charging of a government official with "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors". It makes things easier for extreme parties to gain representation. It is for this reason that it can be said that a descriptive research is quantitative. A finding supported with regard to courts by Scherer and Curry (2010), although their study did not take into account whether this effect would be independent of substantive outcomes. Desposato, S., & Norrander, B. It reduces the idea of a wasted vote. Comparative Political Studies, 0010414012463884. Rocha, R. R., Tolbert, C. J., Bowen, D. C., & Clark, C. J. One of the oldest forms of naming, descriptive titles are logical, functional, and utilitarian. Descriptive research can provide valuable insights into a particular situation. The descriptive evaluation is the process of gathering, analyzing and interpreting information using different tools It seeks to provide information about the what, how, when, and where of the research problem, without giving priority to answering the why of the problem. Law and Society Review, 22, 103. Instead it tells us the what question what are the traits of the citizens or situation being studied? First, the effects of a politician's race is likely to WAPPP's Gender Action Portal (GAP) team is committed to intersectionality as a core guiding principle for our work in gender policy research translation. 1:15 pm Descriptive research does not rely on only one type of data; it relies on both quantitative and qualitative research. Constituency influence in Congress. Survey of the Performance of American Elections. In contexts of historical political subordination and low de facto legitimacy, descriptive representation helps create a social meaning of "ability to rule" and increases the attachment to the polity of members of the group. These individuals are served byalmost one million citizens who volunteer to serve as poll workers at more than 100,000 polling locations across the United States. The concept of representation. Spirals of trust? That means the representatives are required to build consensus through compromise, which results in moderate, centrist policies instead of sliding to the left or the right. Descriptive statistics can be useful for two purposes: 1) to provide basic information about variables in a dataset and 2) to highlight potential relationships between variables. Some of the most important are listed below. This is the case for women who remain numerically under-represented in legislatures around the world, but also ethnic minority groups, and other minorities. The scholarship published in The Journal of Politics is theoretically innovative and methodologically diverse, and comprises a blend of the various intellectual approaches that make up the discipline. Technology gives researchers access to online libraries, digital collaboration and social media websites. Constituency opinion and congressional behavior: A reexamination of the Miller-Stokes representation data. While descriptive research can be a powerful tool, it has its pros and cons. - Volume 55 Issue 2. One of the biggest advantages of descriptive research is that it allows you to analyze facts and helps you in developing an in-depth understanding of the research problem. Bridgett King recently presented a paper at the 2018 annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association entitled, Descriptive Representation in Election Administration: Poll Workers and Voter Confidence. Here, Professor King summarizes her analysis from that paper. The WAGE research initiative focuses on data-driven strategies organizations can use to "debias" their systems and create more inclusive workplaces, as well as interventions that enhance individuals agency in negotiating more gender-equitable work arrangements, including paid and unpaid labor. The advantages to his method are; realistic natural behaviours, low demand characteristics, can generate new ideas for research and test existing findings. Naturalistic Observation is a frequently utilized research method in which one observes a certain behavior. consumed. They can determine results and guarantee their accuracy by manipulating and isolating certain variables, removing those that are extraneous and unwanted. Politics of presence? Race, representation, and trust: Changes in attitudes after the election of a black mayor. That means the 49% of people who voted Republican will be represented by somebody for whom they did not vote. Being female, black, and possessing a more liberal ideology were associated with lower perceptions of fairness. There were pre-determined characteristics that the researchers wrote down on a spreadsheet, however, specific behaviors were recorded as they happened (i.e., the type of reaction that resulted from each person who picked up the card). The Symbolic Benefits of Descriptive and Substantive Representation. 2. tees, and voters weigh the pros and cons of descriptive representation, this analysis argues for attention to the specific historical contexts that make descrip-tive representation most useful. Cameron, C., Epstein, D., & OHalloran, S. (1996). When determining whether or not legislators are representing their constituents' interests, scholars using voting studies may overstate the role of strategic factors, such as reelection goals and constituent influence, while understating the effect of descriptive characteristics. Pros and cons of working with samples. 50 Intense Pros and Cons of Dropping the Atomic Bomb, 20 Intriguing Pros and Cons of Becoming a State National, Pros And Cons Of Higher Education For Police Officers. Procedural justice: A psychological analysis. both the seat in the House of Representative and the Senate (Geiger et al). Poll workers are an integral component of successfully conducting and managing elections in the United States. It is easier to make decisions and go further for data analysis. The closer assessment of pros and cons will.
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