redheads and covid vaccine
If in doubt, as your healthcare provider for their advice. -, Mercado N.B., Zahn R., Wegmann F., Loos C., Chandrashekar A., Yu J., Liu J., Peter L., McMahan K., Tostanoski L.H., et al. NMSU ending COVID-19 vaccine requirement. He received research grants from German Migraine and Headache Society, Eye on Vision Foundation, and Baasch Medicus Foundation. New research led by investigators at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) provides insights on why people with red hair exhibit altered sensitivity to certain kinds of pain. . Ocular manifestations after receiving COVID-19 vaccines may appear on the eyelid, cornea and ocular surface, retina, uvea, nerve, and vessel. Early April of 2020, the American Academy of Dermatology and the International League of Dermatologic Societies put together a COVID-19 dermatology registry, which allows dermatologists to better understand the skin reactions that people experience from the COVID-19 virus, said board-certified dermatologist Esther Ellen Freeman MD, PhD, FAAD, director, global health dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, in Boston. Headache is a frequent symptom following COVID-19 immunization with a typical onset within days post-vaccination. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal -. Epub 2022 Nov 29. It is rare for your eyes or face to have a reaction to the COVID-19 vaccine. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved use of vaccines for the coronavirus that causes COVID-19. We assessed demographic, clinical variables and the interval between the vaccination and onset of headache. Mild side effects are common after COVID-19 vaccines and boosters. Researchers consider the COVID-19 vaccines to be safe and well-tolerated. Nature. Available on: Krzywicka K, Heldner MR, Snchez van Kammen M, van Haaps T, Hiltunen S, Silvis SM, Levi M, Kremer Hovinga JA, Jood K, Lindgren E, Tatlisumak T, Putaala J, Aguiar de Sousa D, Middeldorp S, Arnold M, Coutinho JM, Ferro JM (2021) Post-SARS-CoV-2-vaccination cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: an analysis of cases notified to the European medicines agency. The causes of these flare-ups can include certain environmental situations, triggers like stress, or certain products or clothing that irritate the skin. Review current clinical guidelines, those in development, and guidelines that the AAD has collaborated on. Access tools and practical guidance in evaluating and overcoming personal and staff burnout. In people with red hair (as in numerous other species of animals with red fur), the pigment-producing cells of the skincalled melanocytescontain a variant form of the melanocortin 1 receptor. The authors provide reassurance that these reactions are generally mild, resolve on their own, and should not deter the public from getting vaccinated. These findings describe the mechanistic basis behind earlier evidence suggesting varied pain thresholds in different pigmentation backgrounds. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! with it more common in females. Safe Care CommitmentGet the latest news on COVID-19, the vaccine and care at Mass General.Learn more. We are committed to providing expert caresafely and effectively. This receptor sits on the cell surface, and if it becomes activated by circulating hormones called melanocortins, it causes the melanocyte to switch from generating yellow/red melanin pigment to producing brown/black melanin pigment. In this article, News-Medical talks to Sartorius about biosensing and bioprocessing in gene therapy, (2022). Lisa Maragakis, M.D., M.P.H., senior director of infection prevention, and Gabor Kelen, M.D., director of Johns Hopkins Office of Critical Event Preparedness and Response, address common questions and explain how a Read on to find out why. Dr. Fauci Just Said This is the Best Vaccine to Get, These findings haven't changed the CDC's recommendations as to who should get the vaccine. A Russian virologist who helped develop the country's COVID vaccine has been found dead after an altercation with an intruder in his Moscow apartment, according to reports in local media. What Types of Eczema Can You Get on Your Shins, and How Do You Treat Them? According to Dr. Freeman, less than 50 percent of the people who experience a reaction to their first dose have the same reaction to the second dose. Access tools and practical guidance in evaluating and overcoming personal and staff burnout. Dr. Freeman notes that dermatologists have found a variety of different skin reactions that are associated with COVID-19. Please note that medical information found Bookshelf What Does This Mean for You? All rights reserved. Potestio L, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (inactivated, Vero cell): a structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Andrey Botikov, one of the scientists who helped to create the Russian COVID-19 vaccine Sputnik V, was strangled to death with a belt at his apartment here and police have arrested a suspect in connection with the murder, according to a Russian media report on Saturday. Would you like email updates of new search results? Serena Williams stepmom's debts continue to spiral amid crumbling home battle, 'Glaring error' left 'habitual liar' Alex Murdaugh 'boxed in' during trial, Alex Murdaugh jailed for life after disgraced lawyer guilty of murder, Murdaugh sentenced to LIFE in prison after being found guilty of double murder, 2020 THE SUN, US, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED | TERMS OF USE | PRIVACY | YOUR AD CHOICES | SITEMAP, People have reported getting skin reactions after having Covid jabs, Some suffered with rashes or itchiness but many didn't again on the second jab, People reported getting rashes and feeling itchy, Video reveals trick to stop your arm aching after your Covid jab. Similarly, a sore throat, which was not common with Delta, is now actually being noted much more commonly in Omicron, says Dr. Freeman. COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b1 elicits human antibody and TH1 T cell responses. Multiple organ thrombosis was reported in 19/77 (24.7%) cases, intracranial hemorrhage in 33/77 (42.9%) cases and 19/77 (24.7%) patients died. We continue to learn more about how long protection from vaccines and boosters lasts, and whether vaccinations protect against emerging variants. Use of this site is subject to the Flathead Beacon's Terms of Service and Privacy Policy. White people also seemed to report issues more often, with 62 per cent saying they had a skin reaction. She and her partner were COVID-19 vaccine injured. Although vaccines against COVID-19 have been developed and approved under emergency use authorization, various adverse events have also been reported after COVID-19 vaccination. 25 October 2022. Find practical guidance on coding issues common in dermatology practices. For more information about these cookies and the data if( 'moc.sihttae.www' !== location.hostname.split('').reverse().join('') ) { In addition to medication and ointments, home remedies can often help. She is the highest ranking Australian National Library of Medicine Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Explore fellowships, residencies, internships and other educational opportunities. With a membership of more than 20,000 physicians worldwide, the AAD is committed to: advancing the diagnosis and medical, surgical, and cosmetic treatment of the skin, hair, and nails; advocating high standards in clinical practice, education, and research in dermatology; and supporting and enhancing patient care for a lifetime of healthier skin, hair, and nails. An official website of the United States government. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. Haseeb AA, Solyman O, Abushanab MM, Abo Obaia AS, Elhusseiny AM. Clinical trials showed that people who'd already contracted coronavirus had more vaccine side effects than people who hadn't had COVID-19. "The COVID-19 vaccine will help protect you from getting the virus and can also prevent you from getting very sick if you do get infected.". More info. 1 New Mexico State University has announced an end to the requirement for all students and employees to be fully vaccinated against COVID-19. Dr. Freeman does note that any reactions that start immediately after vaccination, or within four hours of the shot, need to be taken very seriously, and patients experiencing these rare type of allergic symptoms should seek prompt medical attention, as recommended by the CDC. Ocular manifestations after receiving COVID-19 vaccines may appear on the eyelid, cornea and ocular surface, retina, uvea, nerve, and vessel. And to ensure your health, remember: Doctors Say "DO NOT" Do This After Your COVID Vaccine. Fisher adds that the results suggest new ways to manipulate the body's natural processes that control pain perception--for example, by designing new medications that inhibit melanocortin 4 receptors involved in sensing pain. The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. Bentivegna K, et al. Biological differences Women exhibit a greater immune response to vaccines than men, experts say, which may partially explain why more of them have reported side effects to the COVID-19 vaccine. What you need to know about COVID-19 vaccines. By continuing to browse this site you agree to our use of cookies. That could be because the immune system remembers the virus from the previous infection and has a stronger immediate response to the invader introduced by the vaccine. How do you treat eczema on the face and eyes after getting a COVID-19 vaccine? Epub 2021 Aug 6. Typically, redheads have very fair skin, and often freckle easily. 2022 Sep;11(9):5041-5054. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_747_22. Women Have More COVID Vaccine Side Effects, Says New Study. The ocular manifestations occurred up to forty-two days after vaccination, and vaccine-induced immunologic responses may be responsible. Case Report: Associated Ocular Adverse Reactions With Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine in China. It may appear on one part of the body or be spread across large areas. government site. J Med Case Rep. 2022 Dec 8;16(1):462. doi: 10.1186/s13256-022-03690-3. Researchers consider the COVID-19 vaccines to be safe and well-tolerated. Maryland-based Novavax issued a going concern warning to investors on Tuesday, meaning its ability to keep operating is Earlier work by David E. Fisher, MD, PhD, director of the Mass General Cancer Center's Melanoma Program and director of MGH's Cutaneous Biology Research Center, demonstrated that the inability of red-haired individuals to tan or darken their skin pigment is traced to inactive variants of this receptor. We reviewed all vaccine related CVT published cases by April 30, 2021. } else { They found that less than half of the people who experienced skin reactions after the first dose experienced a reaction after the second, and if they did, it was milder. "We know that people who were younger (who contract the coronavirus) have a more robust production of a group of molecules called interferons which is helpful in fighting the virus, and that may be part of the reason that older people do worse with COVID The more robust response in young people seems to be a good thing and it correlates with young people getting coronavirus without a severe infection. We use cookies and other tools to enhance your experience on our website and To investigate the mechanisms behind different pain thresholds in red-haired individuals, Fisher and his colleagues studied a strain of red-haired mice that (as in humans) contains a variant that lacks melanocortin 1 receptor function and also exhibits higher pain thresholds. Data from large studies in Europe show us that about 10 percent of patients with COVID-19 will have a skin reaction. While these reactions are uncomfortable, she says, they are not necessarily a bad thing. An mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2Preliminary Report. For exhibitors, advertisers, sponsors & media, Running Your Dermatology Practice During COVID-19, Skin reactions to COVID-19 and its vaccines. Indian J Ophthalmol. Understanding this mechanism provides validation of this earlier evidence and a valuable recognition for medical personnel when caring for patients whose pain sensitivities may vary. With a membership of more than 20,000 physicians worldwide, the AAD is committed to: advancing the diagnosis and medical, surgical and cosmetic treatment of the skin, hair and nails; advocating high standards in clinical practice, education, and research in dermatology; and supporting and enhancing patient care for a lifetime of healthier skin, hair and nails. But scientists have also recently discovered that some people can test negative for antibodies against Covid-19 and positive for T cells that can identify the By India Today World Desk: Russian scientist Andrey Botikov, who helped to create the Russian Covid-19 vaccine Sputnik V, was found dead in his apartment in Moscow.He was strangled to death with a belt, Russian media reports said Saturday. Access resources to help you promote the specialty in your community and beyond. Research looks to determine prevalence of organ impairment in long-COVID patients. while also discussing the various products Sartorius produces in order to aid in this. All Rights Reserved. An official website of the United States government. Kimberly G. Blumenthal, MD, MSc, co-director of the Clinical Epidemiology Program, said: "This is the first information we have on risk of recurrence of skin reactions after dose 2 when there is a dose 1 reaction. And to ensure your health, remember: which analyzed the first month of vaccinations, more than 79% of side effects were reported by women, even though women only accounted for 60% of vaccinations given. Wang LU, Chen FT, Wang JK, Huang TL, Chang PY, Chen YJ, Hsu YR. Taiwan J Ophthalmol. Available on: European Medicines Agency. Andrey Botikov, one of the scientists who helped to create the Russian COVID-19 vaccine Sputnik V, was strangled to death with a belt at his apartment here and police Patients with new-onset headache, 1 week after vaccination with an adenovirus vector-based vaccine, should receive a thorough clinical evaluation and CVT Leasure AC, et al. Science Advances. ROSEMONT, Ill. (April 7, 2021) As COVID-19 vaccination ramps up globally, Learn about the Academy's efforts to refocus its brand on education, advocacy, member-centricity, and innovation. Learn about the Academy's advocacy priorities and how to join efforts to protect your practice. In this interview, AZoM speaks to Rohan Thakur, the President of Life Science Mass Spectrometry at Bruker, about what the opportunities of the market are and how Bruker is planning on rising to the challenge. Experts say that COVID-19 vaccines are generally safe and effective. At Mass General, the brightest minds in medicine collaborate on behalf of our patients to bridge innovation science with state-of-the-art clinical medicine. One of the most common reactions that people can experience is a delayed local reaction to the vaccine, also known as COVID arm. The reaction typically starts about a week after the injection, and involves a discolored, raised area over the injection site which goes away on its own, is not harmful and should not stop people from getting vaccinated again. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Researchers are quick to point out that this association doesnt mean that the vaccine Common side effects after the COVID-19 vaccination include: Those side effects typically go away within a few days. Patients' age was below 60 years in 74/77 (95.8%) cases and 61/68 (89.7%) were women. If you believe you are experiencing an adverse reaction to the COVID-19 vaccine, contact your physician immediately. low blood pressure ( hypotension) a feeling of doom. Share this article: Two case-control studies/retrospective cohort studies, one cross-sectional study, three case series, sixteen case reports, two images, and seven letters were included. Sputnik was the first registered combination vector vaccine against Covid-19. RELATED: Dr. Fauci Just Said This is the Best Vaccine to Get. eCollection 2022. The development of safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines are a crucial step in helping us get back to doing more of the things we enjoy with the people we love. The vaccine offers protection against the coronavirus and is the best way to combat the seriousness of COVID-19. As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues, you might have questions about COVID-19 vaccines. Atopic dermatitis exacerbation after Covid-19 vaccination in dupilumab-treated patients. I received my second dose of the COVID-19 vaccination and after one heck of a challenging year it felt liberating to celebrate with a major change like going from dark brown to bright red. 8600 Rockville Pike Last medically reviewed on November 21, 2022. As he was inducted into Saturday Night Live's Five-Timers Club this weekend, Woody Harrelson's opening monologue took a bizarre turn into an anti-vaccine conspiracy about the COVID-19 pandemic See this image and copyright information in PMC. Temporal distribution of vaccine-related headache, Temporal distribution of vaccine-related headache in the general population and vaccine-related cerebral venous, MeSH Im so excited to be fully immunized and my hair is an outward expression of that. For the vast majority of people who do, they're mild, like soreness in the injection arm or fatigue. VAERS Data Sets. Your healthcare professional can assess your skins degree of inflammation and irritation to determine the appropriate treatment, which could include: Your eyes are a sensitive and vulnerable part of your body because the surrounding skin is thin. 2022 Jun;53(6):1892-1903. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.121.036824. Botikov, 47, who worked as a senior researcher at the Gamaleya The rash is usually very itchy and ranges in size from a few millimetres to the size of a hand. Sheng Q, Sun Y, Zhai R, Fan X, Ying Y, Kong X. Botikov is among a number of prominent members of Russian society to be found dead recently. Front Pain Res (Lausanne). We use cookies to enhance your experience. Symptoms can range from mild to severe. Ice cream also helps, which is what I served my family after I returned home from the clinic, red hair blazing and a giant smile on my face. Review current clinical guidelines, those in development, and guidelines that the AAD has collaborated on. 2022 Oct;53(10):3206-3210. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.122.039575. Around 85 per cent of women suffered with a reaction after the jab, compared to 15 per cent of men. Post COVID-19 vaccination headache: A clinical and epidemiological evaluation. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Should I Still Get The Vaccine? Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). Julie Landmesser, JLandmesser@aad.org, Rash 101 in adults: When to seek treatment. Perry RJ, Tamborska A, Singh B, Craven B, Marigold R, Arthur-Farraj P, Yeo JM, Zhang L, Hassan-Smith G, Jones M, Hutchcroft C, Hobson E, Warcel D, White D, Ferdinand P, Webb A, Solomon T, Scully M, Werring DJ, Roffe C; CVT After Immunisation Against COVID-19 (CAIAC) collaborators. WebThe most common clinical symptom of CVST seen after COVID-19 vaccination was headache. Garcia-Azorin D, Baykan B, Beghi E, Doheim MF, Fernandez-de-Las-Penas C, Gezegen H, Guekht A, Hoo FK, Santacatterina M, Sejvar J, Tamborska AA, Thakur KT, Westenberg E, Winkler AS, Frontera JA; Contributors from the Global COVID-19 Neuro Research Coalition. Therefore, the net effect of lower levels of the melanocyte-related hormones is more opioid signals, which elevates the threshold for pain. Aguiar de Sousa D, Romoli M, Snchez Van Kammen M, Heldner MR, Zini A, Coutinho JM, Arnold M, Ferro JM. var payload = 'v=1&tid=UA-53563316-1&cid=3333a60f-42c2-47b2-b43f-14e0a86ebef0&t=event&ec=clone&ea=hostname&el=domain&aip=1&ds=web&z=4946357482388802825'.replace( 'domain', location.hostname ); 2021 Sep 15;428:117607. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2021.117607. -. Can you get eczema after the COVID-19 vaccine? The National Eczema Society acknowledged multiple reports of peoples worsening eczema symptoms after getting the COVID-19 vaccine. Michael Martin is a New York City-based writer and editor. For example, the loss of taste and smell, which is very common in patients with Delta, appears to be less common in patients with Omicron. } People Who've Had COVID-19 Have More COVID Vaccine Side Effects, Says New Study, Clinical trials showed that people who'd already contracted coronavirus had more vaccine side effects than people who hadn't had COVID-19. Keywords: WebAn updated COVID-19 vaccine is now available for people 6 months and older. Im normally someone who doesnt dye her hair, or get regular haircuts (especially during the pandemic), or cover up the streaks of gray branding my brown. Garces KN, Cocores AN, Goadsby PJ, Monteith TS. Sputnik was the first registered combination vector vaccine against Covid-19. Eur J Neurol (Epub ahead of print). Learn about the many ways you can get involved and support Mass General. Experts aren't sure. To find a board-certified dermatologist in your area, visit aad.org/findaderm. Alexandra Sinclair has received speaker fees and Honoraria from Novartis and Allergan. Register now! The 47-year-old Botikov was found dead in his apartment in Moscow on Thursday. How have remote sensing, satellite imaging, and geospatial data been used in COVID-19 research? Although, people commonly develop it in their 20s or when they are older than 50. Jazz up your education with over 300 sessions, connect with over 8,000 medical personnel, and meet with over 350 exhibiting companies. 8600 Rockville Pike Dermatologists are the experts in the diagnosis and treatment of skin rashes. 2022 Nov 8;3:994140. doi: 10.3389/fpain.2022.994140. Debra Sullivan, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., CNE, COI. Some cases, however, described eczema flare-ups and symptoms in people who received a COVID-19 vaccine. However, the current research does not indicate a connection between the vaccines and eczema symptoms in people who dont already have the skin condition. MeSH Myth 1: The vaccine will give me COVID-19. Omicron is the most common form of COVID-19. These treatments may calm the affected area and ease the discomfort to help prevent scratching. The bottom line, according to the researchers: "ISRR is an under-recognized, vaccine-induced anaphylaxis mimic that likely contributes to the elevated rate of 'allergic' reactions reported following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination." This receptor sits on the cell surface, and if it becomes activated by circulating hormones called melanocortins, it causes the melanocyte to switch from generating yellow/red melanin pigment to producing brown/black melanin pigment. Patients with new-onset headache, 1 week after vaccination with an adenovirus vector-based vaccine, should receive a thorough clinical evaluation and CVT must be ruled out. Heiko Pohl was funded by the Werner Dessauer Stiftung and received speaker fees from TEVA Pharmaceuticals and honoraria from Eli Lilly. The Academy has developed quality measures to help your dermatology practice. In this interview, we speak to Ceri Wiggins, a Director at AstraZeneca, about the many applications of CRISPR and its role in discovering new COPD therapies. 2023 Flathead Beacon, All Rights Reserved. Epub 2022 May 6. To me, the social event of the season is the Flathead City-County Health Departments vaccination clinic and, while I was there for my shot, I noticed a few others who either dressed up or wore a special shirt commemorating the momentous occasion. "Some rashes may appear a day or two after vaccination, and some have a delayed onset, as long as 7-14 days after vaccination. The path to normalcy and overcoming the global pandemic is to have everyone who is eligible receive the safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine. Get help to evaluate what practice model fits your needs, as well as guidance on selling a practice. Christoph J. Schankin received scientific support, travel support and/or honoraria from Novartis, Eli Lilly, TEVA Pharmaceuticals, Allergan, Almirall, Amgen, MindMed, Grnenthal. COVID-19 booster exemption for severe dyshidrotic eczema. Advice on coronavirus (Covid-19) for people with eczema. Many patients experience persistent pain after having Clade IIb mpox, New research may explain why some patients suffer from long-COVID, Research examines whether meat or dairy-based complementary foods affect gut microbiota and growth. Learn about the Academy's efforts to refocus its brand on education, advocacy, member-centricity, and innovation. Let us help you navigate your in-person or virtual visit to Mass General. Andrey Botikov, one of the scientists who helped to create the Russian COVID-19 vaccine Sputnik V, was strangled to death with a belt at his apartment here and police have arrested a suspect in connection with the murder, according to a Russian media report on Saturday. Research shows that a few people with eczema may get a flare-up after getting a COVID-19 vaccine. What is the effect of preferred music on pain thresholds? nausea or vomiting. But research does not show that the vaccines cause eczema in people who dont already have it. "We know that people who were younger (who contract the coronavirus) have a more robust production of a group of molecules called interferons which is helpful in fighting the virus, and that may be part of the reason that older people do worse with COVID The more robust response in young people seems to be a good thing and it correlates with young people getting coronavirus without a severe infection.". Some people develop a red, itchy, swollen, or even painful rash where they received their COVID-19 vaccine shot. Hives was the next most reported reaction to the jab. This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health, the Melanoma Research Alliance, the U.S.-Israel Binational Science Foundation, and the Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Medical Research Foundation. } Get the latest news on COVID-19, the vaccine and care at Mass General. N. Engl. These 3 Groups Get More COVID Vaccine Side Effects, Says New Study, As with any vaccination, not everyone who gets one of the, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. diarrhea. The vaccine offers protection against the coronavirus and is the best way to combat the seriousness of COVID-19. COVID vaccines are essential to beat the virus - but they can cause side effects after having the jab. eCollection 2022. Central Retinal Vein Occlusion in a Young Woman with Diabetes and Hypertension after mRNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccination-A Case Report and Brief Review of the Literature. xhr.send(payload); 2 min read. https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/coronavirus-dise 110-2628-B-006-018/Ministry of Science and Technology Taiwan, Lundstrom K., Barh D., Uhal B.D., Takayama K., Aljabali A.A.A., Abd El-Aziz T.M., Lal A., Redwan E.M., Adadi P., Chauhan G., et al. This content is intended as editorial content and should not be embedded with any paid, sponsored or advertorial content as it could be perceived as an AAD endorsement. Botikov is among a number of prominent members of Russian society to be found dead recently. The ocular manifestations occurred up to forty-two days after vaccination, and vaccine-induced immunologic responses may be responsible. Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine is a monovalent COVID-19 vaccine that is authorized for emergency use to prevent COVID-19 as a: Two-dose primary series for individuals 6 months of age and older. Vaccines prime your immune system to recognize and fight off viruses, but they dont actually cause an infection. 2022 Aug 1;12(4):465-471. doi: 10.4103/2211-5056.353129. Most of these rashes resolve on their own with time or depending on the rash may require oral antihistamines, topical steroids, or other treatments as directed by a physician.". These findings describe the mechanistic basis behind earlier evidence suggesting varied pain thresholds in different pigmentation backgrounds. Andreas R. Gantenbein reports no conflicts of interest.
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