white lotus rebellion
The Tipng Rebellion (1850-1864), a large-scale uprising that started in southern China, marched within miles of the capital in 1853. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. It took almost ten years and huge financial waste to defeat the badly equipped White Lotus Rebellion (1795-1804), partly by legitimizing militias led by local Hn Chinese elites. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." . [6] The group forecast the advent of Maitreya, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming Dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers while promising the return of the Buddha.[7]. [9] The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. By 1387, after more than thirty years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang had liberated all of China. And so the war was waged. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. . Kublai Khan By that time, however, the regular government forces were too ridden with corruption to be of any use. Since the 1340s, the Mongol Yuan Dynasty was experiencing problems. What brought about the collapse of this once-mighty empire, ushering in the modern era in China? from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. Matt, I think religion played an important rule in peasants' rebellion in ancient China. Eventually, the Qing armies and the peasants united, but they were unable to defeat the foreign powers. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. Chien-lung One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 1796-1805. Updates? In the stockades they were organized into local militia defense corps. It took nine years of warfare and great loss of life before the rebellion was put down. The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. When Chinese peasants raised a huge anti-foreigner movement in 1900, called the Boxer Rebellion, they initially opposed both the Qing ruling family and the European powers (plus Japan). [2][3], The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. How did the Rebellion impact the Qing dynasty? The Emperor Qianlong (Ch'ien-lung) (reigned 173599) sent Helin, brother to the infamously corrupt eunuch Heshen and Fukangan, related by marriage to the Emperor, to quell the uprising. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. This signaled the beginning of the end for the Qing dynasty. id The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. The rebellion grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. A second major contributor was internal turmoil, expressed in a series of devastating rebellions beginning in 1794 with the White Lotus rebellion, and ending with the Boxer Rebellion of 18991901 and Wuchang Uprising of 19111912. The rules of Emperor Kangxi from 1661 to 1772 and Emperor Qianlong from 1735 to 1796 were still considered the golden age of prosperity. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. Dream Homes of Texas on Instagram: "POV: Your Brand New Ultra-Luxury Build in Frisco, Texas by the prestigious @monaco_pinnacle Follow @americas_realtor fore more luxury" [5] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. This internecine war lasted over ten years, at a cost of tens of thousands of lives and an expenditure, by the government alone, of two hundred million taels in money. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. By the mid-19th century, the Qing dynasty had been in power for over a century, and the elites and many of their subjects felt they had a heavenly mandate to remain in power. Omissions? Soon the new migrants began to outnumber the indigenous people, and conflict over local leadership grew and grew strong. The river flooded constantly, and other natural disasters also occurred. [citation needed], For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10, "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 17961805", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Lotus_Rebellion&oldid=1139241640, Dai, Yingcong. Sun Yat-Sen was elected the first president of China, and the Republican era of China had begun. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures used by the religious groups. Qing rule gradually collapsed during the second half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th, due to a complicated interplay between internal and external factors. however it was indirectly responsible because it was the catalyst for the other rebellions that occurred in the future. The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. The Qing dynasty promoted itself as a conquering force, ruling China for 268 years before collapsing in 19111912. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion.". . "Rebellion and Religious Identity: The Case of the White Lotus Uprising (17961804)", This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10. (February 22, 2023). [citation needed]. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . White Lotus Rebellion, (17961804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (16441911/12). Barend Joannes Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. The ethnic Manchu rulers of China's Qing dynasty reigned over the Middle Kingdom beginning in 1644 CE, when they defeated the last of the Ming, up until 1912. The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). It was an organized religion, which was once popular in Yuan Dynasty. Nothing is known of his end. Nevertheless, where can you catch hints that the -angel longs for his former state? A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. During the Qing dynasty, inventions continued to emerge despite the turbulent uprisings and conflicts such as the White Lotus Rebellion, the First Opium War, and the Taiping Rebellion. In particular, the court marked itself off from its subjects in certain religious, linguistic, ritual, and social characteristics, always presenting themselves as outside conquerors. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. Explain semantic, declarative, episodic, and explicit memories. Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. [13], Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. [4] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. Rather, it consisted of uncoordinated roving bands using hit-and-run guerrilla tactics. The Cult of the White Lotus, a secret revolutionary society, has once again become popular among the common people. Tibet has been an independent country throughout the historical period and since time immemorial according to Tibetans' own myth-based sense of, Xinjiang (shnjyng) or Sinkiang (shnjyng, snkyng) [Chinese,=new frontier], officially Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Mandarin Xinjiang U, For more information on Chinese history and culture, seeVol. After the strnggle had lasted six years, Lin Chi-hich was captunredd. The dynasty had to resort to a strategy of removing all food supplies from the countryside and collecting the peasants into a series of armed stockades. A CHOICE OUTSTANDING ACADEMIC TITLE The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of military invincibility of the Manchu, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. Others began to openly call for the overthrow of the existing regime and replace it with a constitutional rule. Here, the White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. White Lotus sectarianism appealed to other Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother, who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. Under the Ming and the Qing, the movement existed in small, secret congregations and its doctrines were spread through baojuan ("precious volumes . Encyclopedia.com. Ordinary Han Chinese felt little loyalty to the Qing rulers, who still presented themselves as conquering Manchus from the north. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. How did the Rebellion impact Qing society? The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. That history stretched back at least as far as 221 BCE when Qin Shi Huangdi first united China into a single empire. However, the rulers were afraid that White Lotus Society might menace their rules. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. Grandmother. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion."[7]. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. Vast sums of money earmarked for the campaign against the rebels, however, were embezzled by the imperial favourite Heshen and his friends. The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. The nine-years long White Lotus war had devastated a large number of districts in Central China. [9], A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. The French Revolution was now the French "rebellion" or "chaos," but in fact, the existence of leased territories and foreign concessions provided plenty of fuel and varying degrees of safety for radical opponents. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, he took the title Hongwu and founded a new dynasty - the Ming. Although the rebellion continued for nine years, it never became an organized attempt to establish a new dynasty. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. A pattern emerged of growing rice in the valley bottoms, corn on the lower mountain slopes, and Irish potatoes on the higher land. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Where this rebellion took place and the Qing Empires reaction: Then a turn of fortune and successive victories of the imperialists would almost annihilate their armies and crush all their hopes. Szczepanski, Kallie. Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. International imperialism brought the Opium Wars (1840-42 and 1856-60), Sino-French War (1884-85), Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) and Boxer War (1898-1900). The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. Inventions Talking about Yuan's decline and fall, you should learn something about White Lotus Society. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. (present perfect, tell). He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. This is a list of major rebellions that have occurred in China from 209 BCE to present times. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. Some of these militia groups were further trained as attack armies to seek out the rebels, whose forces were thinned by offers of amnesty to the rank and file and of rewards for the capture of the leaders. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). The White Lotus Rebellion began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. View original page. Save up to $6,685 on one of 9 used Lotus Evora 400s in Frisco, TX. [2][3]. "Tianlijiao ", in. Qing Dynasty, China's Last Imperial Family, The Boxer Rebellion in Editorial Cartoons, Biography of Sun Yat-sen, Chinese Revolutionary Leader, The Fall of the Ming Dynasty in China in 1644, Tibet and China: History of a Complex Relationship, The Complex Structure of Ethnic Conflict in the Frontier: Through the Debates Around the 'Jindandao Incident' in 1891, The Monarch and Inner/Outer Court Dualism in Late Imperial China, 'Revolution': Conceptualizing Political and Social Change in the Late Qing Dynasty, Moving to the Right Place at the Right Time: Economic Effects on Migrants of the Manchuria Plague of 191011, Size and Dynastic Decline: The Principal-Agent Problem in Late Imperial China, 17001850. The calamitous Opium Wars seemed to prove that the alien ruling dynasty had lost the Mandate of Heaven and needed to be overthrown. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas found in the scriptures with orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White . A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. The British under Queen Victoria were a huge market for Chinese teas, but the Qing refused to engage in trade negotiations, rather demanding that Britain pay for the tea in gold and silver. By 1804 the area was again placed under imperial control by the local militia. Many partisans joined and the society grew rapidly until 1794, when it broke out into the rebellion that subsequently spread over Hupeh and Western China under Liu Cbi-hieh and cast a gloom over the close of the long and brilliant reign of Kien-lung. It took nine years of warfare and great loss. Encyclopedia.com. The rebels are all our own subjects. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. 12 talking about this. J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University.
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